Caudovirales
Caudoviricetes | |
---|---|
Order Caudovirales. Structures of T Bacteriophages representing the seven T types of Escherichia coli phages described by Max Delbruck in the 1940s. T4 of the Myoviridae family, T5 of the Siphoviridae family, and T7 of the Podoviridae family. The structures were built from individual protein data bank (pdb) files in the UCSF Chimera software, which were updated to the year 2024 and at real scale. | |
Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Duplodnaviria |
Kingdom: | Heunggongvirae
|
Phylum: | Uroviricota |
Class: | Caudoviricetes |
Subdivisions | |
See text
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Caudoviricetes is a class of
There are 4 orders, 47 families, 98 subfamilies, 1197 genera, 3601 species in the class. This makes Caudoviricetes the most populous class among viruses, accounting for approximately 30% of all recognized virus species and nearly half of all virus genera.[3]
Infection
Upon encountering a host bacterium, the tail section of the virion binds to
Assembly and maturation
Viral
Basis for Taxonomy
For most of virological history, Caudoviricetes which was known as the order Caudovirales, had lower taxa defined via morphology and contractile ability of their "tails". The Myoviridae had long tails that were contractile; the Podoviridae had short noncontractile tails; and the Siphoviridae had long noncontractile tails.[4] Siphoviridae constitute the majority of the known tailed viruses.[2][5]
Bradley referred to what was known as the Myoviridae as type A, Siphoviridae as type B, and the Podoviridae as type C. He also divided his groups on the basis of head morphology: Within group A, A1 have small isometric heads; A2 have prolate heads; and A3 have elongated heads. Within groups B and C, numbers were similarly assigned: B1 and C1 have small isometric heads; B2 and C2 have prolate heads; and B3 and C3 have elongated heads.[citation needed]
Because the "families" Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae were abolished for being polyphyletic, there are now many free-floating families, subfamilies, and genera in the class without any preceding taxa before Caudoviricetes. There are currently 7 orders, 63 families, 109 subfamilies, 1360 genera, and 4079 species in the class. This article lists all official and proposed taxa of
Assigned Orders
- Crassvirales Order
- Crevaviridae Family
- Coarsevirinae Subfamily
- Doltivirinae Subfamily
- Intestiviridae Family
- Churivirinae Subfamily
- Crudevirinae Subfamily
- Obtuvirinae Subfamily
- Steigviridae Family
- Asinivirinae Subfamily
- Suoliviridae Family
- Bearivirinae Subfamily
- Boorivirinae Subfamily
- Loutivirinae Subfamily
- Oafivirinae Subfamily
- Uncouvirinae Subfamily
- Crevaviridae Family
- Juravirales Order
- Kirjokansivirales Order
- Magrovirales Order
- Methanobavirales Order
- Nakonvirales Order
- Thumleimavirales Order
Unassigned Taxa
There are a lot of Unassigned Taxa in Caudoviricetes as of ICTV 2022[3]
Unassigned Genus in the Crassvirales Order
- Suoliviridae Family
- Other assigned Subfamilies
- Dechshavirus Unassigned Genus
Unassigned Families
- Ackermannviridae
- Aggregaviridae
- Aliceevansviridae
- Arenbergviridae
- Assiduviridae
- Autographiviridae
- Casjensviridae
- Chaseviridae
- Demerecviridae
- Drexlerviridae
- Duneviridae
- Fervensviridae
- Forsetiviridae
- Fredfastierviridae
- Grimontviridae
- Guelinviridae
- Helgolandviridae
- Herelleviridae
- Kleczkowskaviridae
- Kyanoviridae
- Madisaviridae
- Mesyanzhinovviridae
- Molycolviridae
- Naomviridae
- Orlajensenviridae
- Pachyviridae
- Peduoviridae
- Pervagoviridae
- Pootjesviridae
- Pungoviridae
- Rountreeviridae
- Salasmaviridae
- Saparoviridae
- Schitoviridae
- Speroviridae
- Stanwillamsviridae
- Straboviridae
- Suolaviridae
- Verandiviridae
- Vertoviridae
- Vilmaviridae
- Winoviridae
- Zierdtviridae
- Zobellviridae
Unassigned genera in the Ackermannviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Autographiviridae Family
- Aegirvirus
- Anchaingvirus
- Aqualcavirus
- Ashivirus
- Atuphduovirus
- Ayakvirus
- Ayaqvirus
- Banchanvirus
- Bifseptvirus
- Bonnellvirus
- Cheungvirus
- Chosvirus
- Cuernavacavirus
- Cyclitvirus
- Ermolevavirus
- Foturvirus
- Foussvirus
- Fussvirus
- Gajwadongvirus
- Gyeongsanvirus
- Igirivirus
- Jalkavirus
- Jiaoyazivirus
- Kafavirus
- Kajamvirus
- Kakivirus
- Kalppathivirus
- Kelmasvirus
- Kembevirus
- Krakvirus
- Lauvirus
- Limelightvirus
- Lingvirus
- Lirvirus
- Lullwatervirus
- Maculvirus
- Napahaivirus
- Nohivirus
- Oinezvirus
- Paadamvirus
- Pagavirus
- Pairvirus
- Pedosvirus
- Pekhitvirus
- Pelagivirus
- Percyvirus
- Piedvirus
- Podivirus
- Pollyceevirus
- Poseidonvirus
- Powvirus
- Pradovirus
- Qadamvirus
- Scottvirus
- Sednavirus
- Serkorvirus
- Sieqvirus
- Stompelvirus
- Stopalavirus
- Stopavirus
- Stupnyavirus
- Tangaroavirus
- Tawavirus
- Tiamatvirus
- Tiilvirus
- Tritonvirus
- Voetvirus
- Votkovvirus
- Waewaevirus
- Wuhan, China; and of which the name could have come from xenophobia)
- Youngvirus
Unassigned Genus in the Chaseviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Demerecviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Drexlerviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Guelinviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Herelleviridae Family
Unassigned Genus in the Mesyanzhinovviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Pootjesviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Rountreeviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Salasmaviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Schitoviridae Family
- Cavevirus
- Cbunavirus
- Dendoorenvirus
- Eceepunavirus
- Efbeekayvirus
- Electravirus
- Exceevirus
- Huelvavirus
- Littlefixvirus
- Mukerjeevirus
- Oliverunavirus
- Pacinivirus
- Pariacacavirus
- Penintadodekavirus
- Petruschkyvirus
- Philippevirus
- Pokkenvirus
- Presleyvirus
- Riverridervirus
- Shizishanvirus
- Triduovirus
- Varunavirus
- Vicoquintavirus
- Waedenswilvirus
- Xoxocotlavirus
- Zicotriavirus
- Zurivirus
Unassigned Genera in the Straboviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Vilmaviridae Family
Unassigned genera in the Zobellviridae Family
Unassigned Subfamilies
- Andregratiaviridae
- Andrewesvirinae
- Arquatrovirinae
- Azeevirinae
- Azeredovirinae
- Bclasvirinae
- Beaumontvirinae
- Beephvirinae
- Bronfenbrennervirinae
- Ceeclamvirinae
- Chebruvirinae
- Dclasvirinae
- Deejayvirinae
- Deeyouvirinae
- Dolichocephalovirinae
- Eekayvirinae
- Eucampyvirinae
- Gclasvirinae
- Gochnauervirinae
- Gorgonvirinae
- Gorgonclarkvirinae
- Gracegardnervirinae
- Guernseyvirinae
- Gutmannvirinae
- Hendrixvirinae
- Iiscvirinae
- Joanripponvirinae
- Kantovirinae
- Langleyhallvirinae
- Mccleskeyvirinae
- Nclasvirinae
- Nymbaxtervirinae
- Ounavirinae
- Pclasvirinae
- Queuovirinae
- Ruthgordonvirinae
- Sejongvirinae
- Sepvirinae
- Skryabinvirinae
- Stephanstirmvirinae
- Trabyvirinae
- Tybeckvirinae
- Vequintavirinae
- Weiservirinae
Unassigned Genera
- Abaiavirus
- Abbeymikolonvirus
- Abouovirus
- Adaiavirus
- Agmunavirus
- Agricanvirus
- Aguilavirus
- Akiravirus
- Alachuavirus
- Alcyoneusvirus
- Alegriavirus
- Alexandravirus
- Amigovirus
- Anamdongvirus
- Anatolevirus
- Andrewvirus
- Andromedavirus
- Anjalivirus
- Anthonyvirus
- Aokuangvirus
- Appavirus
- Apricotvirus
- Arawnvirus
- Archimedesvirus
- Armstrongvirus
- Arvduovirus
- Ashduovirus
- Asteriusvirus
- Astrithrvirus
- Atraxavirus
- Attisvirus
- Attoomivirus
- Audreyjarvisvirus
- Aurunvirus
- Austintatiousvirus
- Axeltriavirus
- Ayohtrevirus
- Backyardiganvirus
- Badaztecvirus
- Baikalvirus
- Baileybluvirus
- Bakolyvirus
- Bantamvirus
- Barbavirus
- Barnyardvirus
- Bcepfunavirus
- Bcepmuvirus
- Beceayunavirus
- Becedseptimavirus
- Beenievirus
- Beetrevirus
- Behunavirus
- Bendigovirus
- Benedictvirus
- Bernalvirus
- Betterkatzvirus
- Bievrevirus
- Bigmanorsvirus
- Bingvirus
- Bippervirus
- Bjornvirus
- Bocovirus
- Borockvirus
- Bowservirus
- Branisovskavirus
- Bridgettevirus
- Brigitvirus
- Britbratvirus
- Brunovirus
- Bruynoghevirus
- Buchananvirus
- Burrovirus
- Busanvirus
- Caminolopintovirus
- Camtrevirus
- Cantarevirus
- Capnelvirus
- Carnodivirus
- Carpasinavirus
- Carvajevirus
- Casadabanvirus
- Cbastvirus
- Cecivirus
- Cedarrivervirus
- Ceduovirus
- Cequinquevirus
- Certevirus
- Chakrabartyvirus
- Chaoshanvirus
- Chenonavirus
- Chertseyvirus
- Chiangmaivirus
- Chidieberevirus
- Chopinvirus
- Cimandefvirus
- Cimpunavirus
- Cinunavirus
- Clawzvirus
- Clownvirus
- Coatlandelriovirus
- Cobrasixvirus
- Coetzeevirus
- Coeurvirus
- Colneyvirus
- Colunavirus
- Coralvirus
- Corndogvirus
- Coventryvirus
- Craquatrovirus
- Cronusvirus
- Cukevirus
- Daredevilvirus
- Decurrovirus
- Delepquintavirus
- Delislevirus
- Demosthenesvirus
- Denisevirus
- Derbicusvirus
- Deseoctovirus
- Detrevirus
- Deurplevirus
- Dexdertvirus
- Dhillonvirus
- Dibbivirus
- Dinavirus
- Dismasvirus
- Donellivirus
- Doucettevirus
- Dubuvirus
- Dybvigvirus
- Eagleeyevirus
- Edenvirus
- Efquatrovirus
- Eiauvirus
- Eisenstarkvirus
- Elemovirus
- Elerivirus
- Elmenteitavirus
- Elvirus
- Emalynvirus
- Emdodecavirus
- Emperorvirus
- Eneladusvirus
- Enfavirus
- Enhodamvirus
- Eowynvirus
- Eponavirus
- Ericdabvirus
- Erskinevirus
- Eurybiavirus
- Eyrevirus
- Fairfaxidumvirus
- Fajavirus
- Farahnazvirus
- Fattrevirus
- Feofaniavirus
- Fernvirus
- Ferozepurvirus
- Fibralongavirus
- Ficleduovirus
- Finchvirus
- Fipvunavirus
- Firingavirus
- Flaumdravirus
- Forzavirus
- Fowlmouthvirus
- Foxquatrovirus
- Foxunavirus
- Franklinbayvirus
- Fremauxvirus
- Fromanvirus
- Fukuivirus
- Gaiavirus
- Galaxyvirus
- Galunavirus
- Gamtrevirus
- Gervaisevirus
- Getseptimavirus
- Ghobesvirus
- Gilesvirus
- Gillianvirus
- Gimaduovirus
- Gladiatorvirus
- Glaedevirus
- Godonkavirus
- Gofduovirus
- Goodmanvirus
- Gordonvirus
- Gordtnkvirus
- Gorganvirus
- Gorjumvirus
- Goslarvirus
- Grutrevirus
- Gustavvirus
- Halcyonevirus
- Hapunavirus
- Harrisonburgvirus
- Hattifnattvirus
- Hedwigvirus
- Heilongjiangvirus
- Helsingorvirus
- Hestiavirus
- Hiroshimavirus
- Hiyaavirus
- Hnatkovirus
- Hollowayvirus
- Holosalinivirus
- Homburgvirus
- Howevirus
- Hubeivirus
- Hungariovirus
- Iaduovirus
- Iapetusvirus
- Iggyvirus
- Ikedavirus
- Ilzatvirus
- Immutovirus
- Incheonvirus
- Indlulamithivirus
- Inhavirus
- Iodovirus
- Ionavirus
- Isoldevirus
- Ittyvirus
- Jacevirus
- Jarrellvirus
- Jasminevirus
- Jedunavirus
- Jenstvirus
- Jimmervirus
- Jouyvirus
- Juiceboxvirus
- Jujuvirus
- Junavirus
- Kafunavirus
- Kairosalinivirus
- Kamchatkavirus
- Kelleziovirus
- Kelquatrovirus
- Kenyattavirus
- Kilunavirus
- Kimonavirus
- Klausavirus
- Kleczkowskavirus
- Klementvirus
- Knuthellervirus
- Kochitakasuvirus
- Kojivirus
- Konstantinevirus
- Korravirus
- Kostyavirus
- Kozyakovvirus
- Krampusvirus
- Kroosvirus
- Krylovvirus
- Kryptosalinivirus
- Kuleanavirus
- Kumottavirus
- Kungbxnavirus
- Kunmingvirus
- Kylevirus
- Lacnuvirus
- Lacusarxvirus
- Lafunavirus
- Lagaffevirus
- Lahexavirus
- Lambdavirus
- Lambovirus
- Lanavirus
- Larmunavirus
- Laroyevirus
- Lastavirus
- Latrobevirus
- Lederbergvirus
- Leicestervirus
- Lentavirus
- Leonardvirus
- Lessievirus
- Lietduovirus
- Lightbulbvirus
- Lilbeanievirus
- Lillamyvirus
- Lilyvirus
- Llyrvirus
- Lokivirus
- Lomovskayavirus
- Loughboroughvirus
- Lubbockvirus
- Luchadorvirus
- Luckybarnesvirus
- Luckytenvirus
- Ludhianavirus
- Lughvirus
- Lwoffvirus
- Maaswegvirus
- Macdonaldcampvirus
- Machinavirus
- Magadivirus
- Magiavirus
- Majavirus
- Manovirus
- Mapvirus
- Mardecavirus
- Mareflavirus
- Marfavirus
- Marienburgvirus
- Marthavirus
- Marvinvirus
- Maxrubnervirus
- Mcgonagallvirus
- Meadowvirus
- Mementomorivirus
- Menderavirus
- Metamorphoovirus
- Metrivirus
- Miamivirus
- Micavirus
- Microwolfvirus
- Midgardsormrvirus
- Mieseafarmvirus
- Miltoncavirus
- Mimasvirus
- Minunavirus
- Moabitevirus
- Mohonavirus
- Mollymurvirus
- Montyvirus
- Moturavirus
- Mudcatvirus
- Mufasoctovirus
- Muldoonvirus
- Muminvirus
- Murrayvirus
- Mushuvirus
- Muvirus
- Mycoabscvirus
- Myoalterovirus
- Myosmarvirus
- Myradeevirus
- Myxoctovirus
- Naesvirus
- Namazuvirus
- Nanhaivirus
- Nankokuvirus
- Neferthenavirus
- Nesevirus
- Nevevirus
- Nickievirus
- Nimduovirus
- Nonanavirus
- Northamptonvirus
- Noxifervirus
- Nyceiraevirus
- Nylescharonvirus
- Obolenskvirus
- Oengusvirus
- Omegavirus
- Oneupvirus
- Onyinyevirus
- Orchidvirus
- Oshimavirus
- Otagovirus
- Paclarkvirus
- Pagevirus
- Pahexavirus
- Pakpunavirus
- Pamexvirus
- Pankowvirus
- Papyrusvirus
- Parlovirus
- Patiencevirus
- Pavtokvirus
- Pawinskivirus
- Pbunavirus
- Peatvirus
- Pemunavirus
- Pepyhexavirus
- Perisivirus
- Persistencevirus
- Petsuvirus
- Phabiovirus
- Phabquatrovirus
- Pharaohvirus
- Phifelvirus
- Phikzvirus
- Phleivirus
- Phrappuccinovirus
- Picardvirus
- Pikminvirus
- Piorkowskivirus
- Plaisancevirus
- Plateaulakevirus
- Pleeduovirus
- Pleetrevirus
- Polybotosvirus
- Ponsvirus
- Popoffvirus
- Poushouvirus
- Powerballvirus
- Predatorvirus
- Psavirus
- Pukovnikvirus
- Pulverervirus
- Punavirus
- Puppervirus
- Purivirus
- Qingdaovirus
- Questintvirus
- Quhwahvirus
- Quivirus
- Radostvirus
- Rahariannevirus
- Raleighvirus
- Rauchvirus
- Ravarandavirus
- Ravinvirus
- Refugevirus
- Rerduovirus
- Richievirus
- Rigallicvirus
- Rimavirus
- Ripduovirus
- Risingsunvirus
- Rivsvirus
- Rockefellervirus
- Rockvillevirus
- Rogerhendrixvirus
- Ronaldovirus
- Rosariovirus
- Rosemountvirus
- Roslyckyvirus
- Roufvirus
- Rowavirus
- Ruthyvirus
- Ryyoungvirus
- Saclayvirus
- Sagamiharavirus
- Saintgironsvirus
- Salmondvirus
- Saltrevirus
- Samunavirus
- Samwavirus
- Sandinevirus
- Sansavirus
- Santafevirus
- Saphexavirus
- Sargevirus
- Sarumanvirus
- Sasdunavirus
- Sashavirus
- Sasquatchvirus
- Sasvirus
- Saundersvirus
- Sawaravirus
- Scappvirus
- Scapunavirus
- Schmidvirus
- Schmittlotzvirus
- Schnabeltiervirus
- Schubertvirus
- Seahorsevirus
- Seamegvirus
- Segzyvirus
- Sendosyvirus
- Seongbukvirus
- Seoulvirus
- Septimatrevirus
- Serwervirus
- Seussvirus
- Sextaecvirus
- Sfunavirus
- Shandongvirus
- Sheenvirus
- Sherbrookevirus
- Shirahamavirus
- Shoyavirus
- Shuimuvirus
- Siatvirus
- Sidiousvirus
- Siftrevirus
- Silentrexvirus
- Sixamavirus
- Skarprettervirus
- Skatevirus
- Skogvirus
- Skulduggeryvirus
- Skunavirus
- Slashvirus
- Sleepyheadvirus
- Smoothievirus
- Snuvirus
- Sonalivirus
- Sortsnevirus
- Soupsvirus
- Sourvirus
- Sozzivirus
- Sparkyvirus
- Spbetavirus
- Spizizenvirus
- Squashvirus
- Stanholtvirus
- Steinhofvirus
- Stonewallvirus
- Stormageddonvirus
- Sukhumvitvirus
- Svunavirus
- Swiduovirus
- Syrbvirus
- Tabernariusvirus
- Takahashivirus
- Tandoganvirus
- Tankvirus
- Tantvirus
- Taranisvirus
- Tepukevirus
- Terapinvirus
- Teubervirus
- Thornevirus
- Tieomvirus
- Tigunavirus
- Tijeunavirus
- Timshelvirus
- Tinduovirus
- Titanvirus
- Toutatisvirus
- Triavirus
- Trigintaduovirus
- Trinavirus
- Trinevirus
- Triplejayvirus
- Turbidovirus
- Typhavirus
- Uetakevirus
- Uwajimavirus
- Vashvirus
- Vedamuthuvirus
- Veewebvirus
- Veracruzvirus
- Vhmlvirus
- Vhulanivirus
- Vibakivirus
- Vicosavirus
- Vidquintavirus
- Vieuvirus
- Vividuovirus
- Waukeshavirus
- Wbetavirus
- Weaselvirus
- Wellingtonvirus
- Whackvirus
- Whiteheadvirus
- Wifcevirus
- Wizardvirus
- Woesvirus
- Wollypogvirus
- Wolominvirus
- Woodruffvirus
- Wumpquatrovirus
- Wumptrevirus
- Xiamenvirus
- Xipdecavirus
- Xuquatrovirus
- Yanchengvirus
- Yeceytrevirus
- Yokohamavirus
- Yoloswagvirus
- Yongloolinvirus
- Yvonnevirus
- Zetavirus
- Zhangjivirus
- Zhangqianvirus
- Zitchvirus
- Zukovirus
Etymology
Crassvirales infects bacteria and is named after the computer program crAss, which was used to identify the first member of the Crassvirales order.[6][7]
The rest (including the proposed orders) infect archaea. Kirjokansivirales, Thumleimavirales, and Nakonvirales are named after mythological objects or deities; Methanobavirales and Magrovirales are named after archaic synonyms of the archaea they infect.
Bacteriophage evolution
Bacteriophages occur in over 1100 bacterial or archaeal genera.[3] Over 6300 bacteriophages have been examined in the electron microscope since 1959. Of these, more than 96 percent have tails. Of the tailed phages, about 57 percent have long, noncontractile tails ("Siphoviridae"). Tailed phages appear to be monophyletic and are the oldest known virus group.[5][8]
See also
References
- )
- ^ a b c d e f "Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages". Boundless. 2017-11-11. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28.
- ^ a b c "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- S2CID 34921877.
- ^ PMID 12798228.
- PMID 36683075.
- ^ "ICTV proposal Download".
- S2CID 16699662.
Further reading
- Xu J, Hendrix RW, Duda RL (October 2004). "Conserved translational frameshift in dsDNA bacteriophage tail assembly genes". Molecular Cell. 16 (1): 11–21. PMID 15469818.
- Casjens SR (August 2005). "Comparative genomics and evolution of the tailed-bacteriophages". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 8 (4): 451–8. PMID 16019256.