Sodium hydroxide

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(Redirected from
Caustic soda
)
This article is about the chemical compound. For the commercial product, see Lye.
Sodium hydroxide
Unit cell, spacefill model of sodium hydroxide
  Sodium, Na
  Oxygen, O
  Hydrogen, H
Sample of sodium hydroxide as pellets in a watchglass
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium hydroxide[3]
Other names
  • Ascarite
  • Caustic soda
  • Lye[1][2]
  • Soda lye
  • Sodium hydrate
  • White caustic[3]
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.013.805 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 215-185-5
E number E524 (acidity regulators, ...)
68430
KEGG
MeSH Sodium+Hydroxide
RTECS number
  • WB4900000
UNII
UN number 1823 (solid)
1824 (solution)
  • InChI=1S/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1 checkY
    Key: HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M checkY
  • InChI=1/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1
    Key: HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-REWHXWOFAM
  • [OH-].[Na+]
Properties
NaOH
Molar mass 39.9971 g/mol
Appearance White, opaque crystals
Odor odorless
Density 2.13 g/cm3[4]
Melting point 323 °C (613 °F; 596 K)[4]
Boiling point 1,388 °C (2,530 °F; 1,661 K)[4]
418 g/L (0 °C)
1000 g/L (25 °C)[4]
3370 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility soluble in glycerol, negligible in ammonia, insoluble in ether, slowly soluble in propylene glycol
Solubility in methanol 238 g/L
Solubility in ethanol <<139 g/L
Vapor pressure <2.4 kPa (20 °C)
0.1 kPa (700 °C)
Acidity (pKa) 15.7
−15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.)[5]
1.3576
Structure[6]
Orthorhombic, oS8
Cmcm, No. 63
a = 0.34013 nm, b = 1.1378 nm, c = 0.33984 nm
4
Thermochemistry[7]
59.5 J/(mol·K)
64.4 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of
formation
(ΔfH⦵298)
 −425.8 kJ/mol
-379.7 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS05: Corrosive GHS07: Exclamation mark
Danger
H290, H302, H314
P280, P305+P351+P338, P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazard ALK: Alkaline
3
0
1
ALK
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
40 mg/kg (mouse, intraperitoneal)[9]
140 - 340 mg/kg (rat, oral)
1350 mg/kg (rabbit, dermal)
500 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)[10]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 2 mg/m3[8]
REL (Recommended)
 C 2 mg/m3[8]
IDLH
(Immediate danger)
 10 mg/m3[8]
Safety data sheet (SDS) External SDS
Related compounds
Other anions
Other cations
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda,

anions
OH−.

Sodium hydroxide is a highly

air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O.[11] The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous
compound.

As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.[12]

Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of

wood pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.[13]

Properties

Physical properties

Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition and boils at 1,388 °C (2,530 °F). It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol.[14] Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.

Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid,

dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction[15] where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification
that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils.

Viscosity

Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.[14]

Hydrates

Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH·nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by

saturated water solutions are:[11]

  • Heptahydrate, NaOH·7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%).[16]
  • Pentahydrate, NaOH·5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 °C (24.8%).[16]
  • Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, α form: from −17.7 °C (24.8%) to 5.4 °C (32.5%).[16][17]
  • Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, β form: metastable.[16][17]
  • Trihemihydrate, NaOH·3.5H2O: from 5.4 °C (32.5%) to 15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to 5.0 °C (45.7%).[16][11]
  • Trihydrate, NaOH·3H2O: metastable.[16]
  • Dihydrate, NaOH·2H2O: from 5.0 °C (45.7%) to 12.3 °C (51%).[16][11]
  • Monohydrate, NaOH·H2O: from 12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%).[16][18]

Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence.[18]

The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H2O (15.38 °C). The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H2O and NaOH·4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations.[11][18]

For example, when a solution of NaOH and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate. However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate. When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution. Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable.[11]

A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of NaOH is a

eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals.[19][18]

A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate.[11]

The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH·7H2O.[16][20]

When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution.[16]

The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3. It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% NaOH and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid NaOH·3.5H2O and a liquid solution.[17]

The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C.[17] Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C.[17]

The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound.

Crystal structure

NaOH and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (

hydrargillite-like layer structure, with each sodium atom surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxide ions and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules.[21]

Chemical properties

Reaction with acids

Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts. For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:

OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)

This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is

hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide
from air.

Reaction with acidic oxides

Sodium hydroxide also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide. Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere. For example,

2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O

Reaction with metals and oxides

Glass reacts slowly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble

amphoteric
properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react
enthalpy of formation
of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to sodium hydroxide (−500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of the reaction, which implies spontaneity at high temperatures (ΔST > ΔH, ΔG < 0) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures (ΔST < ΔH, ΔG > 0). Consider the following reaction between molten sodium hydroxide and finely divided iron filings:

4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2

A few transition metals, however, may react quite vigorously with sodium hydroxide under milder conditions.

In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution,[23] causing pressurization of the contents and damage to tankers. The pressurization is due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium:

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2

Precipitant

Unlike sodium hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to

precipitate
transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed:

  • Copper - blue
  • Iron(II) - green
  • Iron(III) - yellow / brown

Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2.

Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate.

Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2

Saponification

Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven

sebum
are converted to soap. Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat.

Mass fraction of NaOH (wt%) 4 10 20 30 40 50
Molar concentration of NaOH (M) 1.04 2.77 6.09 9.95 14.30 19.05
Mass concentration of NaOH (g/L) 41.7 110.9 243.8 398.3 572.0 762.2
Density of solution (g/mL) 1.043 1.109 1.219 1.328 1.430 1.524

Production

For historical information, see Alkali manufacture.

Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic

Chlorine gas is also produced in this process.[24] Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid sodium hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.[13]

In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.

Oxychem, Westlake, Shintek, and Formosa. All of these companies use the chloralkali process.[25]

Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that sodium hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not. This process was called causticizing.[26]

Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)

This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the Leblanc process and then chloralkali process which is in use today.

Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame.

2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2

This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including sodium hydroxide.

Uses

See also: Hydrodesulfurization

Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution,[27] since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the

drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses. Another use is in salt spray testing
where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.

Poor quality

dumped the waste in Ivory Coast.[28][29]

Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include:

Chemical pulping

Main article: Pulp (paper)

Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with

oxidative
extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages.

Tissue digestion

In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with a dark brown color,[32][33] and the only solids that remain are bone hulls, which can be crushed between one's fingertips.[34]

Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.[33] Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.[35] In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.[36]

Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness.[37]

Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds

Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes an oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes an oxygen atom from water, and releases two hydrogen atoms. The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in.

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2

Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, Na3AlO3, Na[Al(OH)4], Na2O·Al2O3 or Na2Al2O4. Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:[38]

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2

This reaction can be useful in

alodining
the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.

In the

iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud
.

Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively.

Esterification and transesterification reagent

Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (

cold process soap, saponification).[39]
It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport.

For the manufacture of

catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.[40]

Food preparation

Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of

caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.[41] Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide.[42] It is known as E number
E524.

Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include:

  • German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.
  • Lye water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
  • Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.
  • One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.
  • Sodium hydroxide causes gelling of egg whites in the production of century eggs.
  • Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.[43]
  • The Filipino dessert (
    pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava
    instead of rice flour.
  • The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (Norwegian: lutfisk, lit. 'lye fish').
  • Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.
  • Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide
    instead of sodium hydroxide.

Cleaning agent

Main article: Cleaning agent

Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial

Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel
and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.

A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s[citation needed] when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods.

Hardware stores grade sodium hydroxide to be used as a type of drain cleaner.
Paint stripping with caustic soda

Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a type of

corrosive
and should be handled with great caution.

Relaxer

Sodium hydroxide is used in some

straighten hair
. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to consumers. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals.

Paint stripper

A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour.

Water treatment

Sodium hydroxide is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water.[44][45]

Historical uses

Sodium hydroxide has been used for detection of

CO oximetry
.

In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts

Sodium hydroxide is used in some cement mix plasticisers. This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete.

Experimental

Flavonoids

Sodium hydroxide is used to detect the presence of flavonoids. About 5 mg of a compound is dissolved in water, warmed, and filtered. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to 2 ml of this solution. This produces a yellow coloration. A change in color from yellow to colorless on addition of dilute hydrochloric acid is an indication for the presence of flavonoids.[47]

Summer-winter heat storage

After decades of research,

space-heating. If water is added to solid or concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH), heat is released. The dilution is exothermic – chemical energy is released in the form of heat. Conversely, by applying heat energy into a dilute sodium hydroxide solution the water will evaporate so that the solution becomes more concentrated and thus stores the supplied heat as latent chemical energy.[52]

Neutron moderator

Seaborg Technologies is working on a nuclear reactor design in which NaOH is used as a neutron moderator.[53]

Safety

Chemical burns caused by sodium hydroxide solution photographed 44 hours after exposure.

Like other

safety clothing and eye protection
, should always be used when handling this chemical or its solutions. The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes.

Moreover,

exothermic
, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids.

Sodium hydroxide is mildly corrosive to glass, which can cause damage to glazing or cause ground glass joints to bind.[54] Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to several metals, like aluminium which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact.[55]

Storage

Two industrial fiberglass barrels of caustic-soda

Careful storage is needed when handling sodium hydroxide for use, especially bulk volumes. Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard.

Sodium hydroxide is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within

fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner).[14]

Sodium hydroxide must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere.

History

Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers.[56]: p45  A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara' fi funun min al-suna' (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Umar ibn 'Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen.[57][58] The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate)[59] and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe. When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium)[56]: p36  was replaced by this artificial version.[56]: p46  However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing sodium hydroxide.[60]

See also

  • Acid and base
  • HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive Substances
  • List of cleaning agents

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Bibliography

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