Cavalier Parliament
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The Cavalier Parliament of England lasted from 8 May 1661 until 24 January 1679. It was the longest English Parliament, and longer than any Great British or UK Parliament to date, enduring for nearly 18 years of the quarter-century reign of Charles II of England. Like its predecessor, the Convention Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and is also known as the Pensioner Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King.[1]
History
Clarendon ministry
The first session of the Cavalier Parliament opened on May 8, 1661. Among the first orders of business was the confirmation of the acts of the previous year's irregular
Later that same year (1661), Parliament passed the
- the Corporation Act 1661
- the Act of Uniformity 1662
- the Conventicle Act 1664
- the Five Mile Act 1665.
The
On the economic legislation, the Cavalier parliament had a notable
The prior
Other significant and curious pieces of early legislation include the first licensing of hackney carriages (1662), an act against "excessive gaming" (1663) and a famous 1663 act authorizing the erection of toll gates on the Great North Road, the prelude to a series of acts to help finance road-building for highways.
In 1664, the Cavalier parliament amended the old
Mercantilist agitation had prompted parliament to support the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665. But when the war turned out poorly in 1667, parliament decided to lay the blame on Charles II's chief minister Edward Hyde (Earl of Clarendon) and the king's brother and lord admiral, James, Duke of York. Parliament, echoing public belief, accused that the money voted for the war had been embezzled by court officers. Under pressure, Charles consented to setting up an independent commission for inquiry, but the verdict was inconclusive. Nonetheless, parliament decided to launch impeachment proceedings against Clarendon. Before these bore fruit, Clarendon went into exile.
Cabal ministry
Clarendon's departure opened the way for the rise of a new crop of young ministers, known as "the
Nonetheless, parliament was shocked when, in 1668, the Cabal announced the "
Despite their comparative energy and efficiency, the Cabal were a fractious and unpopular lot and their infighting spilled over publicly into parliament, particularly the
The new self-assurance of Commons was felt in a quarrel that erupted during the 9th Session in 1670 between Lords and Commons, where Commons assailed the Lords' assumption that they had the right to amend their revenue bills. Finding their handlers could no longer control Commons, and that the goodwill that had attended Charles II at the Restoration was wearing thin, the Cabal recommended doing without them, and persuaded Charles II to keep parliament out of session with repeated prorogations.
The
Following the Test Act, the members of the Cabal gradually resigned or were dismissed. Rather than submit to the Test, Clifford and, more significantly the king's own brother and heir apparent, James Duke of York, resigned their offices. James's refusal caught the public by surprise - and signalled the prospect that Charles II might be succeeded by a Catholic king. Through the late Summer of 1673, apprehension about James's Catholicism was the talk of the day. When the next session opened in October 1673, Ashley (now Earl of Shaftesbury), sensing the new mood, turned up at the House of Lords to loudly denounce the proposed marriage of James of York to the Catholic princess Mary of Modena. The king angrily prorogued the session and dismissed Shaftesbury. Around that same time, Arlington and Buckingham fell into a quarrel, in the process of which the details of the secret Treaty of Dover were leaked to parliament, provoking an alarmed parliamentary inquiry. Arlington and Buckingham sheepishly appeared before the inquiry in January 1674, accusing each other of crafting the French alliance. His foreign policy in shambles, Charles II decided to pull England out of the controversial war. In February, Charles II took the unprecedented step of communicating the terms of the Treaty to Westminster to parliament before it was signed.
Danby ministry
With the fall of the Cabal (only Lauderdale lingered on in Scotland), Charles II turned to
Through the brief 12th session of early 1674, Shaftesbury and his friends, flexing their new muscles, steered a slew of provocative bills in the House of Lords, e.g. expelling Catholics from London, forcing an oath that renounced the Pope, requiring royal family members to get parliamentary consent on marriage and how to raise their children. Finally when Shaftesbury's clique begin considering bringing James of York on charges of high treason, Charles II quickly prorogued the session, preventing the session's act from being passed. The next year's sessions of 1675 went little better: Shaftesbury led an attempt to impeach Danby, following the defeat of Danby's proposed legislation to reinforce the Test Act with a new oath forswearing any attempt to "modify" the Church and State. The impeachment effort came to naught, but Danby responded to the opposition's new muscle with a strenuous effort to construct a "Court Party" in the House of Commons to counter the Country Party (Danby's generous bribes to MPs caused the Cavalier Parliament to also be known as the "Pensionary Parliament").
After these calamitous sessions, Charles II prorogued parliament in November 1675 and kept it out of session for the next fifteen months (the "Long Prorogation"). When parliament resumed in February 1677, it opened with a bang. Shaftesbury (joined by Buckingham, Salisbury and Wharton), proclaimed the session illegitimate, claiming that the "Long Prorogation" implied that parliament was effectively dissolved and that the king must call for new elections. This prospect alarmed the House of Commons, whose members (unlike Lords) risked losing their seats. The leaders of the Country Party in Commons believed their party would be strengthened by new elections, but were unable to persuade other members to follow suit. While the combative lords were sent to the Tower of London for their challenge, Commons were only willing to agree that the long prorogation was probably unconstitutional, but that the session itself was not.
The session of 1677 had been called by Charles II to finance England's re-entry into the
This humiliating conclusion to the king's war policy dragged the political reputation of the King and Danby to a low point, making them vulnerable when the Popish Plot erupted in August and September 1678. When the 17th session opened that October, parliament was in a tremendously combative mood. Worked up by the Popish plot, they strengthened the Test Act with the Papists' Disabling Act excluding Catholics from both houses of parliament and the king's court (James exempted). Parliament also demanded to know why the king had misapplied the June funds and was still maintaining the expeditionary force in Flanders. The session was finally wrecked when details emerged that, on Charles II's instructions, Danby had entered into secret negotiations with Louis XIV in early 1676, promising England would not re-enter the war on the Dutch side, negotiations which had not been revealed during the 1677 debate. Parliament immediately impeached Danby, forcing Charles II to prorogue the session in December, 1678.
In the recess, Charles II entered into negotiations with Shaftesbury and other parliamentary leaders. In return for saving Danby from trial in the House of Lords, Charles II reluctantly agreed to their demands to finally dissolve parliament and call for new elections. The dissolution was announced on 24 January 1679, bringing the seemingly interminable Cavalier Parliament to its end.
After the elections, the new parliament - known as the Habeas Corpus Parliament (or "First Exclusion Parliament") - was assembled in March, 1679.
Officers
In the first decade, the
Sessions
At the 1660
The Cavalier parliament went through seventeen sessions,[4] although some sessions were broken up by adjournments and recesses (an "adjournment" only interrupts a session; a "prorogation" ends a session, a "dissolution" ends a parliament).
By English tradition, a parliamentary session passes only one public "
The legal titles of parliamentary sessions of the Cavalier parliament are as given in the two most prominent compilations of statutes - the popular
The session dates are sometimes incorrect in the rolls. This table largely follows the dating in Cobbett's Parliamentary History.[4] (N.B. - In the 17th century, the English "legal year" began on March 25, so an act which is passed, say, on February 10, 1663, will be officially dated February 10, 1662. This can be a cause of confusion. Cobbett notes the double date by a hyphen 1662–63, with the latter number as the historical calendar year. The table below follows the regular calendar dates.)
For the acts of parliament passed in each session, see:
- List of acts of the 1st session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 2nd session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 3rd session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 4th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 5th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 6th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 7th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 9th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 10th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 13th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 14th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 15th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 16th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
- List of acts of the 17th session of the 2nd Parliament of King Charles II
Session | Label | Start | End | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st session | 13 Charles II, Stat.1 | May 8, 1661 | Jun 30, 1661 | adjourned |
1st session (cont'd) | 13 Cha. II Stat. 2 | Nov 20, 1661 | Dec 20, 1661 | adjourned |
1st session (cont'd) | 13 & 14 Cha. II (S at Large) 14 Cha. II (S of Realm)[7] |
Jan 7, 1662 | May 19, 1662 | prorogued |
2nd session | 15 Cha. II | Feb 18, 1663 | Jul 27, 1663 | |
3rd session | 16 Cha. II | Mar 16, 1664 | May 17, 1664 | |
4th session | 16 & 17 Cha. II | Nov 24, 1664 | Mar 2, 1665 | |
5th session | 17 Cha. II | Oct 9, 1665 | Oct 31, 1665 | Held at Oxford |
6th session | 18 Cha. II (S at Large) 18 & 19 Cha. II (S of Realm)[7] |
Sep 21, 1666 | Feb 8, 1667 | |
7th session | 19 Cha. II (S at Large) 18 & 19/19 & 20 Cha. II (S of Realm)[7] |
Oct 10, 1667 | Dec 19, 1667 | adjourned |
7th session (cont'd) | 20 Cha. II (S at Large) 19 & 20 Cha. II (S of Realm)[7] |
Feb 10, 1668 | May 9, 1668 | adjourned May 9, adjourned in recess, Aug 11 adjourned in recess, Nov 10 prorogued in recess, Mar 1, 1669 |
8th session | N/A | Oct 19, 1669 | Dec 11, 1669 | No act passed, no label. |
9th session | 22 Cha. II | Feb 14, 1670 | Apr 11, 1670 | adjourned |
9th session (cont'd) | 22 & 23 Cha. II | Oct 24, 1670 | Apr 22, 1671 | prorogued Apr 22, 1671 next session prorogued in recess, Apr 16, 1672 next session prorogued in recess, October, 1672 |
10th session | 25 Cha. II | Feb 4, 1673 | Mar 29, 1673 | adjourned, Mar 29 prorogued in recess, Oct 20 |
11th session | N/A | Oct 27, 1673 | Nov 4, 1673 | No act passed, no label |
12th session | N/A | Jan 7, 1674 | Feb 24, 1674 | No act passed, no label prorogued, Feb 24 next session prorogued in recess, Nov 10 |
13th session | N/A | Apr 13, 1675 | Jun 5, 1675 | No act passed, no label |
14th session | 27 Cha. II | Oct 13, 1675 | Nov 16, 1675 | "Long Prorogation" (15 months) |
15th session | 29 Cha. II | Feb 15, 1677 | Apr 25, 1677 | adjourned |
15th session (cont'd) | 29 & 30 Cha. II | Jan 28, 1678 | May 13, 1678 | |
16th session | 30 Cha. II St. 1 | May 23, 1678 | Jun 20, 1678 | |
17th session | 30 Cha. II St. 2 | Oct 21, 1678 | Dec 30, 1678 | prorogued, Dec 30 Parliament dissolved Jan 24, 1679. |
See also
- 1661 English general election
- List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661
- List of acts of the Parliament of England
- Stuart Restoration
- List of parliaments of England
Notes and references
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010) |
- ^ The London Magazine, May–August 1827, Hunt and Clarke, 1827. pp. 115–124 "Flagellum Parliamentarium" attributed to Andrew Marvell. A list of members of Parliament who were receiving a state salary or pension in the early 1670s.
- ^ Cobbett, Parliamentary History, Vol. 4 208-09
- ^ H. Smith Williams 1908, England, 1642–1791, p.281
- ^ a b The number of sessions are as given in Thomas Cobbett's 1809 Parliamentary History of England, vol. IV
- ^ Owen Ruffhead, editor, 1762–65, Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the Twenty-Fifth Year of George III. Ruffhead died before completion, and the collection was continued by Charles Runnington up to 1786. A comparable and arguably better collection with the same title as Ruffhead, which came out at the same time, was by Danby Pickering (1762–66) Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761. Cambridge. The labels and numbering in Ruffhead and Pickering are identical, and so interchangeable. The Cavalier Parliament is covered in Pickering's volume 8 (see also his table of acts).
- ^ The Cavalier parliament is covered in Statutes of the Realm, vol. 5.
- ^ a b c d e Chronological Table and Index of the Statutes, 2nd. ed. 1873: table of variances between Statutes of Realm and Ruffhead-Pickering Statutes at Large. Briefly summarized:
- 14 Cha. II (S of Realm) = 13 & 14 Cha. II (S at Large) = First session, third sitting (1662)
- 18 & 19 Cha. II (cc.1–5) = 18 Cha. II (cc.1–5) = Sixth Session (1666)
- 18 & 19 Cha. II (cc.6–13) = 19 Cha. II (cc.1–8) = Seventh Session, first sitting (1667)
- 19 & 20 Cha. II (cc.1–5) = 19 Cha. II (cc. 9–13) = Seventh Session, first sitting (1667)
- 19 & 20 Cha. II (cc.6–13) = 20 Cha. II (cc.1–8) = Seventh Session, second sitting (1668)