Cavern deities of the underworld
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Cavern deities of the underworld | |
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The Cavern deities of the underworld were ancient Egyptian minor deities charged with punishing the damned souls by beheading and devouring them.[1][2][3]
Description and partition
The Egyptians believed that in the
The first seven caverns contained groups of three
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Scenes of otherworldly punishment from a papyrus of Amduat (21st Dynasty). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
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The 11th hour of the book Amduat, depicting (bottom) Cavern deities.
Deities of the first eleven caves (Hart)
The tomb (KV2) of Pharaoh Ramesses IV (c. 1155–1149 BC) in the Valley of the Kings, and the Book of the Dead, list the cavern deities hereafter selected by the British egyptologist George Hart:[2]
Cavern | Deities | Cavern | Deities | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | a) nine jackal-headed deities feeding on rotten flesh
b) snake deities guarding the "Silent Region" |
7 | / | |
2 | a) spitfire-snake called Sesy
b) primeval catfish-headed gods called Nariu |
8 | "Those Who Raise Their Superiors To The Sky" | |
3 | a) Nehebkau
b) nine catfish-headed gods led by Osiris |
9 | Gods of the Primeval Abyss | |
4 | "Great One Who Is On His Belly" | 10 | Groaning goddesses with blood-dripping axes | |
5 | a) Nut
b) ithyphallic Osiris |
11 | Ammit | |
6 | Tatenen | others |
Deities in the 10th cavern (Wilkinson)
In particular, the Egyptologist Richard H. Wilkinson thus grouped the deities and the supernatural creatures residing in the 10th cave, along with their beneficent deeds once the deceased successfully tamed them:[1]
Deities | Beneficent deeds | Deities | Beneficent deeds | |
---|---|---|---|---|
"Those Who Belong To The
Sunshine" |
Give the deceased light | The "Hidden Goddess" | Grants the soul be strong and the
body be intact | |
"Those Who Take Hold" | Grant the deceased be acclaimed | "The Souls Of The Gods Who
Became Members of Osiris" |
Grant the deceased be in peace | |
"Nine Gods Who Guard Those In
The Cavern" |
Give the deceased the breath of life | "Those Who Worship Ra" | Grant the deceased not be rejected from | |
"Nine Gods Whose Arms Are
Hidden" |
Grant the deceased be worth and
dignified |
"Those Whose Faces Are Warlike" | Grant the deceased be cool in the
hottest places of the netherworld |
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Jackal and lion-headed guardian deities with swords, from the Tomb of Sadosiris (El Muzawaka, Dakhla Oasis).
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Book of the Dead of Hori: supernatural creatures guarding the netherworld. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.
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Pharaoh Nectanebo I (c. 379–361 BC) adoring underworld demons. The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna.
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d Wilkinson 2003, p. 80.
- ^ a b Hart 1986, pp. 62–3.
- ^ "Minor Netherworld Deities of Ancient Egypt". www.touregypt.net (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-21.
- ^ ISBN 0801485150.
Bibliography
- Hart, George, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Routledge, 1986, ISBN 0-415-05909-7.
- ISBN 0-500-05120-8.