Cecily Neville, Duchess of York

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Cecily Neville
George, Duke of Clarence
  • Richard III of England
  • HouseNeville
    FatherRalph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
    MotherJoan Beaufort

    Cecily Neville (3 May 1415 – 31 May 1495) was an English noblewoman, the wife of

    Richard III. Cecily Neville was known as "the Rose of Raby", because she was born at Raby Castle in Durham, and "Proud Cis", because of her pride and a temper that went with it, although she was also known for her piety
    . She herself signed her name "Cecylle".

    Her husband, the Duke of York, was the leading contender for the throne of England from the House of York during the period of the Wars of the Roses until his death in 1460. Their son Edward actually assumed the throne as Edward IV in 1461, after the deposition of King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster. The Duchess of York thus narrowly missed becoming queen consort of England.[1]

    Family

    Cecily Neville was the youngest of the 22 children of

    John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his third wife Katherine Swynford. John of Gaunt was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault
    .

    Cecily was the aunt of

    Richard III, and a great-great-great-aunt of queen consort Catherine Parr, sixth wife of her great-grandson, King Henry VIII
    .

    Duchess of York

    In 1424, when Cecily was eight years old, she was betrothed by her father to his thirteen-year-old ward,

    Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Ralph Neville died in October 1425, bequeathing the wardship of Richard to his widow, Joan Beaufort. Cecily and Richard were married by October 1429. Their first child, Anne of York, was born in August 1439 in Northamptonshire. When Richard became a king's lieutenant and governor general of France in 1441 and moved to Rouen
    , Cecily moved with him. Their son Henry was born in February but died soon after.

    Their next son, the future King

    conception and the baby's baptism was a simple and private affair, unlike that of his younger brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland
    , which was public and lavish. This is countered by other historians, however, who point out that Cecily's husband could easily, by the military conventions of the time, have returned briefly to Rouen, where Cecily was living at the time, while baptism conventions of the time meant that a low-key baptism would be more likely due to Richard of York's relatively low political standing at the time and fears for the baby's survival. If the difference in baptisms was to be taken as a disavowal of an otherwise acknowledged and cherished heir, it would not only be a humiliation of a wife Richard otherwise valued before and after Edward's birth, but also a personal and political humiliation. In any case, Richard acknowledged the baby as his own, which established legal paternity.

    Around 1454, when Richard began to resent the influence of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (a first cousin of his wife), Cecily spoke with queen consort Margaret of Anjou on his behalf. When Henry VI suffered a nervous breakdown later in the year, Richard of York established himself as a Protector.

    After the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455, Cecily remained at their home, Ludlow Castle, even after Richard fled to Ireland and Continental Europe. At the same time, she surreptitiously worked for the cause of the House of York. When a parliament began to debate the fate of the Duke of York and his supporters in November 1459, Cecily travelled to London to plead for her husband. One contemporary commentator stated that she had reputedly convinced the king to promise a pardon if the duke would appear in the parliament in eight days. This effort failed, and Richard's lands were confiscated, but Cecily managed to gain an annual grant of £600 to support herself and her children.

    After the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Northampton in July 1460, Cecily moved to London with her children and lived with the lawyer John Paston. She carried the royal arms before Richard in triumph in London in September. When the Duke of York and his heirs were officially recognised as Henry VI's successors in the Act of Accord, Cecily became a queen-in-waiting and even received a copy of the English chronicle from the chronicler John Hardyng.

    But in the

    Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
    . This forced Philip to ally with the Yorkists.

    Mother of two kings, great-aunt of a queen, and grandmother of a queen

    Cecily's eldest son Edward successfully continued the fight against the Lancastrians. When Cecily moved to Baynard's Castle in London, it became the Yorkist headquarters, and after Edward defeated the Lancastrians and ascended the throne, she was honoured as the mother of the king.

    During the beginning of Edward's reign, Cecily appeared beside him and maintained her influence. In 1461, she revised her coat of arms to include the

    royal arms of England, hinting that her husband had been a rightful king. When Edward married Elizabeth Woodville
    , he built new queen's quarters for her and let his mother remain in the queen's quarters in which she had been living.

    In 1469, her nephew

    Richard III, rebelled against Edward IV. She visited Sandwich
    , possibly trying to reconcile the parties. When the rebellion failed the first time, she invited Edward and George to London to reconcile them. Peace did not last long, and in the forthcoming war, she still tried to make peace between her sons.

    Edward IV was briefly overthrown by Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, and for about six months (October 1470 – April 1471),

    Richard III
    on 6 July 1483.

    Duchess Cecily was on good terms with Richard's wife Lady

    Richard's reign was brief; he was defeated and killed on 22 August 1485 at the

    Battle of Bosworth by the leader of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, who immediately assumed the throne as King Henry VII. Thus Cecily's husband and four sons had all died by 1485, although two of her daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, still lived. On 18 January 1486, Cecily's granddaughter, Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV, married Henry VII and became Queen of England. Her great-grandson Arthur was born that same year, whereas her great-granddaughter Margaret was born in 1489 and great-grandson Henry
    in 1491, all before she died. Duchess Cecily devoted herself to religious duties and her reputation for piety comes from this period.

    Death and will

    The Duchess died on 31 May 1495 and was buried in the tomb with her husband Richard and their son Edmund at the Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, with a papal indulgence. All subsequent English and later British monarchs, beginning with Henry VIII, are descendants of Elizabeth of York, and therefore of Cecily Neville.

    "Cecill wife unto the right noble Prince Richard late Duke of Yorke" made her will on 1 April 1495. It was proved at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on 27 August of the same year.[3]

    Issue

    Her twelve

    Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
    , were as follows:

    1. Anne of York (10 August 1439 – 14 January 1476), primarily wife of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter
      , and secondly, Sir Thomas St. Leger
    2. Henry of York (10 February 1441 – 10 February 1441), died soon after birth
    3. Edward IV of England (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483)
    4. Edmund, Earl of Rutland (17 May 1443 – 30 December 1460), killed at the Battle of Wakefield
    5. Elizabeth of York (22 April 1444 – possibly after January 1503), wife of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
    6. Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
    7. William of York (7 July 1447 – died young)
    8. John of York (7 November 1448 – died young)
    9. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
      (21 October 1449 – 18 February 1478), executed by Edward IV
    10. Thomas of York (1450/1451 – died young)
    11. Richard III of England (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485), killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field[5]
    12. Ursula of York (22 July 1455 – died young)

    Coat of arms

    Coat of arms of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
    Notes
    Richard of York became the 3rd Duke of York in 1432. As the wife of the Duke of York, Cecily bore the arms of her husband impaled with those of her father, the Earl of Westmorland (Neville).[6]
    Adopted
    12 May 1432
    Escutcheon
    Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France modern, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules; impaled by Gules a saltire Argent (Neville).[6]
    Supporters
    adopted as Earl of March);[7] surmounted by a chained falcon badge.[8]
    Symbolism
    As the daughter of
    Edward III; Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France modern, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules.[6] In 1461, Cecily changed her arms to include the Royal coat of arms of England to imply that her late husband had been the rightful king.[8]

    Fictional portrayals

    Cecily as imagined by Edward Harding, 1792, National Portrait Gallery, London

    Cecily Neville as the Duchess of York is a principal character in

    Dame Maggie Smith
    .

    In 2013 and 2017, the Duchess is portrayed by

    Cousins' War series by author Philippa Gregory. In episode one, Lady Cecily's first scene is an exchange with Jacquetta of Luxembourg and her daughter, Elizabeth Woodville. In this meeting, Jacquetta, as her daughter's mouthpiece, really oversteps the historical mark. The disapproving Duchess, who was known in real life as "proud Cis", is too easily overcome by her social inferiors when they whip out her apparent "secret" affair with a French archer and Elizabeth commands that she bow before her. Lost for words, she is silenced within minutes, almost cowed by them. While contemporary notions of "courtesy" dictated extreme forms of submission to the queen, this is a Lady Cecily straight from the pages of a novel rather than the actual proud aristocrat who asserted her own right to rule.[9]

    In 2016, Neville was portrayed by Judi Dench in the BBC television mini-series The Hollow Crown: The War of the Roses, in the third episode; which is based on William Shakespeare's play, Richard III.

    Sharon Kay Penman's historical novel The Sunne in Splendour portrays Neville relatively accurately to the historical record, as the proud matriarch of the York family and a loving but stern mother to all her children. The book heavily focuses on her disdain for Elizabeth Woodville, as well as her attempts to reconcile the various feuds between her sons.

    Ancestry

    References

    1. ^ Spedding 2010.
    2. ^ Hilton 2008, p. 456.
    3. ^ The National Archives: PROB11/10/447.
    4. .
    5. ^ Sir Anthony Wagner, 'English Genealogy' (Phillimore – 1983), p. 237
    6. ^ a b c Pinches & Pinches 1974.
    7. ^ Pinches & Pinches 1974, p. 113.
    8. ^ a b Laynesmith 2006, p. 38.
    9. ^ Licence 2013.

    Further reading

    External links