Cedar Revolution
Cedar Revolution | |||
---|---|---|---|
Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri | |||
Goals |
| ||
Resulted in | Victory of the anti-Syrian coalition | ||
Parties | |||
| |||
Lead figures | |||
| |||
Number | |||
| |||
Popular mottos of the movement were Hurriyye, Siyede, Istiqlel (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence), and Haqiqa, Hurriyye, Wehde wataniyye (Truth, Freedom, National unity) |
History of Lebanon |
---|
Timeline |
Lebanon portal |
The Cedar Revolution (
The primary goals of the activists were the withdrawal of the Syrian troops which had occupied Lebanon since 1976, the replacement of a government heavily influenced by Syrian interests by more independent leadership, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials to ensure the success of the plan, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. More generally, the demonstrators demanded the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics.
At the start of the demonstrations, Syria had a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon.[3] Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on 27 April 2005. With the resignation of the pro-Syrian Karami government on 19 April, the 2005 general election, and the establishment of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, the main goals of the revolution were achieved.
The opposition used the white-and-red scarf and the blue ribbon as its symbols. The most popular
Goals
The main goal of the Cedar Revolution was the ending of the Syrian military occupation of Lebanon, which had lasted about 30 years (since 1976). In addition, many Lebanese called for the return of former president Michel Aoun, in exile since 1991, and the release of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea.
Additional goals of the revolution are:
- Ousting Karami's Pro-Syrian government
- Firing the six Lebanese commanders of the nation's main security services, along with the State Prosecutor
- Unmasking the killers of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri
- Running free and democratic parliament elections in spring 2005 free from Syrian interference
Origins of the name
The name "Cedar Revolution" is a term that was coined by the U.S.
The word Cedar refers to a
Groups involved in the revolution
Civilian groups and organizations
- Qornet Shehwan Gathering (Liqa' Qornet Shehwan): Gathering of Christian Lebanese politicians ranging from center left to center right.
- Democratic Forum (Al Minbar Al Dimokrati): Multi-confessional gathering of Lebanese politicians from different political parties with leftist tendencies, led by Habib Sadek
- Citizens for a Free Lebanon: A Non-governmental organization
- The Center for Democracy in Lebanon: A non-governmental grass-root movement
- The Global Organization of Democratic Believers: An all volunteer group of various religious backgrounds
Main political parties involved in the revolution
In Alphabetical Order:
- Democratic Renewal Movement (Harakat Al-Tajadod Al-Dimokrati) Multi-confessional Movement Leader: Nassib Lahoud, former MP and presidential hopeful.
- Democratic Left (Al Yassar Al Dimokrati) Multi-Confessional Movement Leader: Elias Atallah, former MP and former member of the communist party
- Free Patriotic Movement (At Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) Movement Leader: Michel Aoun, MP. Also presides the "Change and Reform" coalition. He was one of the first to demand the Syrian withdrawal. The movement left the 14 March coalition before the 2005 elections after General Aoun came back from his Paris exile.
- Syrian Traces Leader: unknown
- Future Movement (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) Muslim Sunni Movement Leader: Saad Hariri, MP and son of Rafiq Hariri
- Lebanese Forces (Al Kuwwat al Lubnaniyya) Christian Party Leader: Samir Geagea, jailed 11 years by the Syrians
- Lebanese Liberation Movement Leader: unknown
- Lebanese National Bloc (Hizb Al Kitla Al Wataniya) Christian Party Leader: Carlos Eddé nephew of former leader Raymond Eddé. The Lebanese National Bloc left the 14 March Coalition in June 2009 after the parliamentary election
- National Liberal Party (Hizb Al-Wataniyin Al-Ahrar) Christian Party Leader: Dory Chamoun, son of former President Camille Chamoun
- Phalangist Party(Al-Kataeb Al-Loubnaniya) Christian Party Leader: Amin Gemayel, former President of Republic.
- Progressive Socialist Party (Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) Druze Party Leader: Walid Jumblat, a sectarian leader was the first ally with Al-Asad, MP and son of former leader Kamal Jumblat; The PSP left the 14 March Coalition in August 2009
- Armenian Democratic Liberal Party(Hizb al-Ramgavar) MP Jean Ogassapian.
- Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hizb al-Henchag) MP Sebouh Kalpakian.
Background
2001 Lebanon Protest
An Anti-Syrian occupation demonstration[9] took place in Lebanon on 7 August 2001, which turned violent when the joint Lebanese-Syrian security System tried to repress the revolt, and resulted in the arrest of hundreds without legal justification,[10] during the tenure of the pro-Syrian president Emile Lahoud.[11] On that day, the security forces attacked hundreds of young activists, mainly from the Christian[12] parties, including the Free Patriotic Movement, the Lebanese Forces,[12] the National Liberal Party and other non-partisan neutral activists[13] in front of the Justice Palace in Beirut[12] and engaged in a campaign of beatings[12] and arrests that was characterized by extreme ferocity.[13]
Assassination of Rafic Hariri
On 14 February 2005, the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri was assassinated in a truck bomb attack, which killed 21 and wounded nearly 100. Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan later died as well from injuries sustained in the blast. This attack sparked huge demonstrations that seemed to unite large numbers of citizens from the usually fractured and sectarian Lebanese population. It was the second such incident in four months: former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh had survived a car bomb attack on 1 October 2004.
Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of Beirut to Sydney, Australia three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were traveling without luggage. The Australian Federal Police interviewed ten individuals in Sydney upon the arrival of the flight, and found the men they questioned did have luggage. Although Sydney airport security sniffer dogs trained to find explosives did react to aircraft seats occupied by the men,[14] test swabs taken from three of the men by the Australian Federal Police tested negative for explosives. Within 48 hours, the Australian Federal Police absolved the six of any involvement in the assassination, giving little credibility to claims of the Lebanese officials.
Despite the lack, to date, of any actual substantial evidence implicating any party or individual, the Syrian government has borne the brunt of Lebanese and international outrage at the murder, because of its extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon, as well as the public rift between Hariri and Damascus just before his last resignation on 20 October 2004. The day after Hariri's resignation, pro-Syrian former Prime Minister Omar Karami was appointed Prime Minister.[15]
Lebanese
On 21 February 2005, tens of thousands of Lebanese protesters held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for an end of Syrian occupation and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president Émile Lahoud for the murder. In the subsequent weeks, nearly every Monday, a demonstration was held at Beirut's Martyrs Square (also referred to by protesters as "Liberty Square"), in addition to the constant daily gathering of Lebanese there.[20]
Similar demonstrations by Lebanese immigrants were also taken place in several cities across the world, including Sydney – Australia (where over 10,000 people demonstrated in the city), San Francisco, Paris, Düsseldorf, Montreal, and London.[citation needed]
Government resignation
Member State of the Arab League |
---|
Daily protests against the Syrian occupation attracted 25,000 people. While in the 1990s most
On 28 February, the government of pro-Syrian prime minister Omar Karami resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country". The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar".[22]
Opposition MPs were not satisfied with only Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh, who survived a similar car bomb attack on 1 October 2004, said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing".
On 23 March, Michel Abu Arraj, the Lebanese magistrate responsible for the internal Lebanese investigation of the assassination asked to be excused, citing a heavy court schedule. The Judicial Council of Lebanon was expected to rule on his request the next day.[23] His resignation and the consequent need to replace him raised the possibility of a delay in the investigation.[citation needed]
International reaction
Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement, U.S.
At one point there seemed to be confusion about the extent to which Syria was willing to withdraw from Lebanon.
On 15 March, upon hearing purportedly leaked information that the United Nations' special investigation may have found that the Lebanese authorities covered up evidence of the murder, columnist Robert Fisk alleges that Hariri's two sons fled Lebanon, reportedly after being warned that they too were in danger of assassination.[24]
UN Secretary-General
Syrian reaction
On 2 March 2005, Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad announced that his troops would leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader Walid Jumblatt said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague – we need a clear-cut timetable".[27]
On 3 March, Germany and Russia joined those calling for Syria to comply with Resolution 1559. German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder said: "Lebanon should be given an opportunity for sovereignty and development and this can only be achieved by complying with Security Council resolutions that stipulate immediate Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon."[28]
The Russian Foreign Minister,
On 5 March, Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the
On the weekend of 9 and 10 April, on the anniversary of the ignition of the Lebanese Civil war, the last remaining Syrian troops left Lebanon, ending their 30-year presence.[30]
Response from the Arab world
Several Arab states also joined in with the withdrawal demands. As Assad arrived in Saudi Arabia for emergency consultation with then Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdelaziz, Assad was told in no uncertain terms that Syria must comply with UN Security Council demands immediately. It was reported by the opposition Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star that Assad offered to remove most of the 15,000 troops Syria has stationed in Lebanon during the talks, but insisted on leaving a force of 3,000 in the country.[28] This has not been independently corroborated.
The annual Arab summit, which took place on 23 March in Algeria, did not ask Syria to withdraw, which would have given the pullback an Arab endorsement as envisaged in the 1989 Taif Agreement rather than making it dependent on Resolution 1559. Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel-Aziz Belkhadem discussed the consensus ahead of the summit, stating that "we all agreed to demand the implementation of the Taif Accord with respect to international legitimacy". Controversially, the crisis in Lebanon was not included on the agenda for the summit,[31] which almost half of the Arab leaders did not attend.
Pro-Syrian demonstration
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah called for a "massive popular gathering" on 8 March supporting Syria and accusing Israel and the United States of meddling in Lebanon's internal affairs. Nasrallah also criticized UN Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of U.N. resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands."[32]
Ten days after his resignation, Omar Karami was reappointed prime minister and called on the opposition to participate in government until the elections slated for April 2005.[citation needed]
On 13 March, tens of thousands protested in the southern city of
Resurgent counter-demonstrations
On 14 March, the one-month memorial of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, hundreds of thousands of Lebanese rallied in central Beirut on Monday chanting "Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence" and carrying a huge Lebanese flag. They flocked from throughout the country, many unable to even enter the city due to heavy traffic. The demonstration was called by the different factions of the anti-Syrian opposition (including the Hariri family and other groupings) and was trumpeted by the different private media, namely Future TV, a private enterprise part of the media empire controlled by Hariri's family and the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBCI, generally aligned with the Lebanese Forces, the right-wing Christian party.
The demonstration occurred in Martyrs' Square, the site of Hariri's grave and a center of the newly reconstructed city rebuilt in large part through Hariri's efforts. During the Lebanese civil war, factional infighting between the groups united in Martyrs' Square had turned the area into an impassable moonscape.
The Lebanese protesters demanded an international inquiry into Hariri's murder, the firing of Syrian-backed security chiefs in the Lebanese government, and a total Syrian pullout from Lebanon.[37][38]
Violent repercussions
Bombings and assassinations
Beginning in March 2005 and continuing throughout the year, a
The attacks did not end in 2005. The next year, gunmen killed MP Pierre Amine Gemayel, and in 2007, Walid Eido was killed by a car bomb in Beirut. Most recently, politician Antoine Ghanem was assassinated when a car bomb exploded, killing him on 19 September 2007. He is the 6th independentist minister assassinated since Hariri's death.
Withdrawal of Syrian troops
On 26 April 2005, international news agencies and the UN reported the last
Wave of democracy
Both participants and observers of the Cedar Revolution demonstrations have asked if the movement was influenced by recent local and regional events supporting democracy. Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt remarked to a reporter of The Washington Post, "It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq. I was cynical about Iraq. But when I saw the Iraqi people voting three weeks ago, 8 million of them, it was the start of a new Arab world".[citation needed]
Other views maintain that Lebanese anger against perceived Syrian hegemony had been simmering for decades, and the assassination of a popular leader was the spark that gave birth to the movement, independently of foreign and regional developments. Lebanese opposition leader and newspaper columnist Samir Kassir, for example, wrote that "democracy is spreading in the region not because of George Bush but despite him." He gave far more credit to the Palestinian uprising as an inspiration to Lebanese activists.[43]
Others caution that very little has actually changed, apart from the mainly "cosmetic" disappearance of Syrian Soldiers from their presence on the outskirts of Lebanese cities, and that Syrian control of Lebanese foreign affairs and trade may yet endure. Some critics argue that the rush to celebrate a supposed 'Revolution' was far too premature.[44]
When Omar Karami failed to form a government, he resigned for good on 13 April 2005, and
Anniversaries
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
Second Anniversary
On 14 February 2007, tens of thousands of Lebanese gathered peacefully in
The
Third Anniversary
On 14 February, exactly three years from the day Premier Hariri was assassinated on the Beirut seafront, throngs of protesters rallied in Martyr's Square to commemorate the occasion. The crowd came from all over Lebanon. Hundreds of thousands of protesters filled the square and its immediate surrounding. In the mountainous areas, the weather conditions prevented several processions from reaching Beirut. Also, processions closed all roads east, north & south Beirut leading to Martyr's Square. Hundreds of boats embarked on a ride from the Jounieh port in the coast of Mount Lebanon to the Beirut Marina defying the winter waves. The rally was reaching its end while thousands of vehicles carrying protesters were still trapped in traffic in the Eastern Suburbs of Beirut. The crowds stood for more than 5 hours under the pouring rain. The protesters transformed this event into an occasion to blame Syria and renew their oath to remain united and defiant for Lebanon's sake. At the exact time the explosion occurred 3 years ago at 12:55, the crowds fell silent as the Islamic Adhan sounded through the mosques' muezzin along with the tolling of church bells symbolizing the Muslim-Christian unity. The leaders of the Anti-Syrian coalition gave fiery speeches blaming Syria & Iran for Lebanon's woes. Saad Hariri, the coalition's most popular leader, was the last to take the stand as supporting cheers blared from the crowds. In the end and after the crowds have stood for four consecutive hours under the pouring rain, the rally was concluded and the area was evacuated.
Fourth Anniversary
14 February 2009 marked the fourth anniversary of Prime Minister Rafic Hariri's assassination. Estimated to be more than 1 million supporters, pro-government and pro-Hariri citizens of different sects and factions gathered together in Beirut for the occasion. At 12:55 pm, the crowd went silent to mark the exact moment of the explosion that killed Hariri.
During the rally, speeches were given to entice the citizens to take place in the June 2009 parliamentary elections, in which the anti-Syrian coalition and the pro-Syrian coalition competed for the majority of seats.
Fifth Anniversary
Despite initial enthusiasm, the turn-out on the fifth anniversary of Hariri's assassination (14 February 2010) was hindered due to heavy rain.
Sixth Anniversary
The sixth anniversary of Hariri's assassination, on 14 February 2011 was met with renewed enthusiasm by supporters of the March 14 coalition. This was especially fueled by the protester's anger over the resignation of all ten ministers aligned with the opposing March 8 coalition due to then-prime minister Saad Hariri, Rafic Hariri's son, refusal of Hezbollah's demand he reject the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. A rally was also organized to call for Hezbollah's disarmament on the day of March 13 in Beirut's Martyrs' Square. No significant disruptions took place, but it was reported by several TV stations that some protesters had their signs demanding Hezbollah's disarmament confiscated. Reuters approximated that tens of thousands of supporters of Saad Hariri and his allies rallied against Hezbollah's weapons.[49][50]
See also
- Syrian occupation of Lebanon
- List of attacks in Lebanon
- 2007 Lebanon conflict
- Colour revolutions – as a series of related movements
- 2021 Lebanese protests
References
- ^ "Кедровая революция" в Ливане может перерасти в гражданскую войну
- ^ Rudy Jaafar and Maria J. Stephan, "Lebanon's Independence Intifada: How an Unarmed Insurrection Expelled Syrian Forces", in Maria J. Stephan (ed.), Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, pp. 169-85.
- ^ Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005). "Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Remarks on Release of Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2004". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ Morley, Jefferson (3 March 2005). "The Branding of Lebanon's 'Revolution'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Daily Times – Leading News Resource of Pakistan
- ^ As the Globe spins: Coverage of Lebanon's demonstrations doesn't tell whole story (by Greg Felton) – Media Monitors Network (MMN)
- ^ [1] Archived 9 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lebanon.com Newswire - Local News August 7 2001". www.lebanon.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "7 آب... يوم ضاق لبنان بالديموقراطية". الأخبار (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Lebanon's Pro-Syrian President Consults on New Government | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d "مناضلو 7 آب 2001 في 'التيار'... هل فرّقتهم المصالح؟". annahar.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ a b "7 آب 2001 ...هل ننسى ؟". annahar.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ AM (2005). "Lebanon Asks AFP to Investigate Assassination of PM". Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- ^ "Lebanon appoints prime minister". BBC News. 21 October 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ The New York Times > International > Middle East > Behind Lebanon Upheaval, 2 Men's Fateful Clash
- ^ "Who's who in Lebanon". BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ The New York Times > International > Middle East > U.N. Cites Syria as Factor in Lebanese Assassination
- ^ a b "Lebanon agrees to Hariri inquiry". BBC News. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Beirut protesters denounce Syria". BBC News. 21 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Ghattas, Kim (3 March 2005). "Lebanon finds unity in street rallies". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Lebanese ministers forced to quit". BBC News. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Hariri inquiry judge 'may resign'". BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Story". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 April 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Annan considers new Hariri probe". BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Beirut-Online News .: Syria's closure of northern Lebanon border tragic for truckers : Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Assad pledges Lebanon withdrawal". BBC News. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ a b "The Daily Star – Saudi ruler demands rapid Syrian withdrawal". Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2005.
- ^ "Syria looks to Riyadh for support". BBC News. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "The Australian: Syria completes troop pullout [April 11, 2005]". Archived from the original on 12 April 2005.
- ^ Saleh, Heba (23 March 2005). "Summits that showcase Arab disunity". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Lebanon Hizbollah". Yahoo. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hezbollah rallies Lebanese to support Syria". CNN. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Fattah, Hassan M. (8 March 2005). "Hezbollah Leads Huge Pro-Syrian Protest in Central Beirut". The New York Times.
- ^ Washington Times – Hezbollah supporters stage massive pro-Syria rally
- ^ CJR: Who Are Those Guys, Anyway?
- ^ The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-lebanon.html.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)[dead link] - ^ The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33571-2005Mar14.html?nav=headlines.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)[dead link] - ^ "Democracy in Lebanon celebrates liberation – Press Release – عيد الجلاء: 27 نيسان". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
- ^ DEMOCRACY IN LEBANON – Post-Liberation Address – خطاب الجلاء
- ^ Wright, Robin (27 April 2005). "Syrian Intelligence Still in Lebanon". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Cedar Revolution moves towards free democracy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 May 2005.
- ^ The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-co/hotcontent/index.html?section=world/mideast.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The Daily Star – Opinion Articles – Cosmetic change does not a revolution make
- ^ Tucker Reals (14 February 2007). "Lebanese Mark Former PM's Assassination". CBS News. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Waving flags, holding balloons and even praying, tens of thousands of Lebanese packed into a city square Wednesday to mark the second anniversary of Rafic Hariri's assassination.
- ^ Scheherezade Faramarzi (14 February 2007). "Lebanese mark date Hariri assassinated". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Tens of thousands of supporters of the U.S.-backed government packed Martyrs Square to commemorate Rafic Hariri, the former prime minister killed in a suicide bombing on 14 Feb. 2005. But save for a few outbursts of slogan chanting and small groups singing and dancing to the beat of drums, the rally was uneventful.
- ^ Reuters AlertNet – Lebanese turn Hariri memory into show of defiance
- ^ "Lebanese mark date Hariri assassinated - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Lebanese call on Hezbollah to give up weapons". Reuters. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Najem Malak (13 March 2011). "March 14 crowds in Beirut say no to Hezbollah weapons". AKNews. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
External links
- World Council for the Cedars Revolution
- Independence Movement "Harakat Al Istiklal" Official website
- Lebanese March 14 Movement[usurped]
- Lebanese March 14 Movement's General Secretariat[usurped]
- Future Movement Official website
- Lebanese Forces Official website
- Tajaddod/Democratic Renewal Youth's Blog
- Cedar Revolution Photo Gallery
- Lebanese March 14 Emigrant Assembly Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine