Cefalù

Cefalù Cifalù (Sicilian)
Comune
Comune di Cefalù
Coat of arms
Location of Cefalù
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	90015
Dialing code	0921
Patron saint	SS. Salvatore
Saint day	December 8
Website	Official website

Cefalù (Italian:

The city's Sicilian name is Cifalù. It was named by the Greeks who called it Kephaloídion (Κεφαλοίδιον)^[4] or Kephaloidís (Κεφαλοιδίς).^[5] These were latinised as Cephaloedium and Cephaloedis.^[6] Under Arab rule, it was known as Gaflūdī.^{[citation needed]}

Under Carthaginian rule, it was known as "Cape Melqart" (Punic: 𐤓‬𐤔 𐤌𐤋‬𐤒𐤓‬𐤕, RŠ MLQRT), after the Tyrian god.^[7]

History

Of Siculian foundation, in the fourth century BC the Greeks gave the indigenous settlement the name of Kephaloídion, evidently derived from its situation on a lofty and precipitous rock, forming a bold headland (Greek: κεφαλή, kephalḗ, 'head') projecting into the sea. Despite the Greek origin of its name, no mention of it is found in the works of Thucydides, who says that Himera was the only Greek colony on this coast of the island.^[8] It is possible that Cephaloedium was at this time merely a fortress (φρούριον, phroúrion) of Magna Graecia belonging to the Himeraeans and may have been peopled by refugees after the destruction of Himera, who settled alongside the native Sicels.

Its name first appears in history at the time of the Carthaginian expedition under Himilco, 396 BC, when that general concluded a treaty with the Himeraeans and the inhabitants of Cephaloedium.^[9] But after the defeat of the Carthaginian armament, Dionysius the Elder made himself master of Cephaloedium, which was betrayed into his hands.^[10] At a later period it was again independent, but apparently on friendly terms with the Carthaginians. It was attacked and taken by Agathocles, 307 BC.^[11]

In the

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the town remained part of the Byzantine Empire and the settlement was eventually moved from the plain to the current spur for defense. This occurred among many cities during the Byzantine era, as the Mediterranean was no longer solely controlled by the empire and was subject to Arab incursions. The old town was never entirely abandoned. In 858, after a long siege, it was conquered by the Aghlabids. For the following two centuries, it was part of the Emirate of Sicily.

In 1063, the

The Cathedral, begun in 1131, in a style of Norman architecture which would be more accurately called Sicilian Romanesque.^[16] The exterior is well preserved, and is largely decorated with interlacing pointed arches; the windows also are pointed. On each side of the façade is a massive tower of four stories. The round-headed Norman portal is worthy of note.^[17] A semi-circular apse is set into the east end wall. It has a formidable image of Christ Pantacrator (reminiscent of its Byzantine era). Its strengthening counterforts that work like buttresses, are shaped as paired columns to lighten their aspect.^{[citation needed]} The groined vaulting of the roof is visible in the choir and the right transept, while the rest of the church has a wooden roof. Fine cloisters, coeval with the cathedral, adjoin it.^[17]

The interior of the cathedral was restored in 1559, though the pointed arches of the nave, borne by ancient

• Santa Maria dell'Odigitria, popularly referred to simply as Itria, its name the rendition in Italian of the Greek Hodegetria, one of the standard iconographic depictions of the Virgin Mary. Probably built over a preexisting Byzantine church of the same name, the current building is from the 16th century. Until 1961 it consisted of two different religious edifices, the second being a chapel devoted to St. Michael Archangel; both were a property of the Confraternity of St. Mary of the Odigitria.
• Santa Oliva (1787). It has a tuff entrance.
• San Sebastiano (probably 1523). It has a single nave with two frescoed niches on every side.
• Sant'Andrea.
• San Leonardo, mentioned from 1159 and, until the restoration of 1558, entitled to St. George. The original portal, now closed behind a wall, has vegetable decorations similar to the Cathedral's ones.
• The Immacolatella (1661).
• The Oratory of the Santissimo Sacramento (1688).
• Chapel of San Biagio (St. Blaise).
• Santo Stefano or Church of Purgatory.
• Santissima Trinità.
• Santissima Annunziata (c. 1511). The façade has a large rose window and a relief with the Annunciation.
• The Monastery of St. Catherine.

Other structures

Some remains of the ancient city are still visible, on the summit of the rock; but the nature of the site proves that it could never have been more than a small town, and probably owed its importance only to its almost impregnable position.

On the summit of the promontory are extensive remains of a Norman castle. The town's fortifications formerly extended to the shore, on the side where the modern town now is, in the form of two long walls protecting the port. There are remains of a wall of massive rectangular blocks of stone at the modern Porta Garibaldi on the south.^[17]

Other sights include:

• The Seminary and the Bishops Palace.
• Palazzo Atenasio Martino (15th century). The court has 16th-century frescoes.
• Palazzo Maria (13th century). The medieval portal and a mullioned window, with Catalan-style vegetable decorations, are still visible.
• Palazzo Piraino (16th century).
• Osterio Magno. According to the tradition, it was built by Roger II as his mansion, but it probably dates from the 14th century. Traces of the medieval tower and decoration can be seen. Excavations held in the interior have showed the presence of ancient edifices and ceramics.
• Ancient Roman baths.
• The remains of the Abbey of Thelema,^[19] established by the occultist Aleister Crowley in 1920 as a magical commune before he was ordered to leave by the Benito Mussolini government in 1923. The abbey is now in a state of severe disrepair.

Not far from the town are the sanctuary of Gibilmanna and the Gibilmanna Observatory.

• Museo Mandralisca^[20] important regional collection of art and archaeology from ancient Greek and Arab ceramics through sculpture and painting (Antonello da Messina: Portrait of a man) to furniture, porcelain and numismatics, a rich library.

Sister cities

• Wood Dale, Illinois, United States

In popular culture

The Breakfast at Tiffany's character Salvatore 'Sally' Tomato ("notorious mafia-notorious Mafia-führer") was "believed to have been born in Cefalu".^[21]

Some scenes of Giuseppe Tornatore's 1988 film Cinema Paradiso were filmed in Cefalù.^[22]

Some scenes from the second season of HBO series The White Lotus were filmed in Cefalù. ^[23]

Some scenes from the 5th

• Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale

References

Citations

General and cited references

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ashby, Thomas (1911). "Cefalu". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–596.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Head, Barclay; et al. (1911). "Zeugitana". Historia Numorum (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 877–882.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cefalù.

• Tourism portal of Cefalù