Cell culture
Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. After cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. They need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator.[1] These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases (CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a suspension culture.[2] This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been 'transformed' into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.
In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular
The
History
The 19th-century English physiologist
Gottlieb Haberlandt first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues, plant tissue culture.[11] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. He presented his original idea of totipotentiality in 1902, stating that "Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant."[12][13][14] The term tissue culture was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows.[15]
Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in
Modern usage
In modern usage, "tissue culture" generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue from a
Tissue culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It provides an in vitro model of the tissue in a well defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed. In animal tissue culture, cells may be grown as two-dimensional monolayers (conventional culture) or within fibrous scaffolds or gels to attain more naturalistic three-dimensional tissue-like structures (3D culture). Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polymeric fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as in vitro cell and tissue substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed of tissues in vivo.[17]
Plant tissue culture in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.[18]
Concepts in mammalian cell culture
Isolation of cells
Cells can be isolated from tissues for ex vivo culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the white cells are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension.[19][20] Alternatively, pieces of tissue can be placed in growth media, and the cells that grow out are available for culture. This method is known as explant culture.
Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most primary cell cultures have limited lifespan.
An established or immortalized cell line has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial expression of the telomerase gene. Numerous cell lines are well established as representative of particular cell types.
Maintaining cells in culture
For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of senescence and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the Hayflick limit).
Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell
Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes
Cells can be grown either in suspension or adherent cultures.[25] Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or microcarrier, which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin) components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent. Another type of adherent culture is organotypic culture, which involves growing cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to in vivo tissue, but is technically challenging to maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).[26]
Cell culture basal media
There are different kinds of cell culture media which being used routinely in life science including the following:
- MEM
- DMEM
- RPMI 1640
- Ham's f-12
- IMDM
- Leibovitz L-15
- DMEM/F-12
- GMEM
Components of cell culture media
Component | Function |
---|---|
Carbon source (glucose/glutamine) | Source of energy |
Amino acid | Building blocks of protein |
Vitamins | Promote cell survival and growth |
Balanced salt solution | An isotonic mixture of ions to maintain optimum osmotic pressure within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc. |
Phenol red dye | pH indicator. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7–7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH. |
Bicarbonate /HEPES buffer | It is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media |
Typical Growth conditions
Parameter | |
---|---|
Temperature | 37 °C |
CO2 | 5% |
Relative Humidity | 95% |
Cell line cross-contamination
Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells.
To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including
One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal
Other technical issues
As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:
- Nutrient depletion in the growth media
- Changes in pH of the growth media
- Accumulation of apoptotic/necrotic (dead) cells
- Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as contact inhibition.
- Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cellular differentiation.
- epigenetic alterations, with a natural selection of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.[37]
The choice of
Manipulation of cultured cells
Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on
As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a pH indicator is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.
Media changes
In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.
Passaging cells
Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of
Transfection and transduction
Another common method for manipulating cells involves the introduction of foreign DNA by
Established human cell lines
Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in bioethics, as they may outlive their parent organism and later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the pioneering decision in this area, the Supreme Court of California held in Moore v. Regents of the University of California that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.[42]
It is possible to fuse normal cells with an
Cell strains
A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential. Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings[43] and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).[44]
Applications of cell culture
Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral
Biological products produced by
Cell culture is also a key technique for cellular agriculture, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, (cultured) meat, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving animal-free agriculture. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology.[47]
Cell culture in two dimensions
Research in
Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid substrates. There is growing interest in controlling matrix stiffness,[48] a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as:
- Stem cell self-renewal[49][50]
- Lineage specification[51]
- Cancer cell phenotype[52][53][54]
- Fibrosis[55][56]
- Hepatocyte function[57][58][59]
- Mechanosensing[60][61][62]
Cell culture in three dimensions
3D cell culture in scaffolds
Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as in vitro cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types including Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that, as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more histotypic rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed in vivo.[17]
3D cell culture in hydrogels
As the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo–like cell culturing.[76] Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores with high water retention, which enables efficient transport of substances such as nutrients and gases. Several different types of hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials are available for 3D cell culture, including animal ECM extract hydrogels, protein hydrogels, peptide hydrogels, polymer hydrogels, and wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel.
3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation
The 3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine. 3D cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.
Tissue culture and engineering
Cell culture is a fundamental component of tissue culture and tissue engineering, as it establishes the basics of growing and maintaining cells in vitro. The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.
Vaccines
Cell co-culture
The technique of co-culturing is used to study cell crosstalk between two or more types of cells on a plate or in a 3D matrix. The cultivation of different stem cells and the interaction of immune cells can be investigated in an in vitro model similar to biological tissue. Since most tissues contain more than one type of cell, it is important to evaluate their interaction in a 3D culture environment to gain a better understanding of their interaction and to introduce mimetic tissues. There are two types of co-culturing: direct and indirect. While direct interaction involves cells being in direct contact with each other in the same culture media or matrix, indirect interaction involves different environments, allowing signaling and soluble factors to participate.[15][80]
Cell differentiation in tissue models during interaction between cells can be studied using the Co-Cultured System to simulate cancer tumors, to assess the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials, and to study the effect of drugs on therapeutic trials. The co-culture system in 3D models can predict the response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy if the microenvironment defines biological tissue for the cells.
A co-culture method is used in tissue engineering to generate tissue formation with multiple cells interacting directly.[81]
Cell culture in microfluidic device
Microfluidics technique is developed systems that can perform a process in a flow which are usually in a scale of micron. Microfluidics chip are also known as Lab-on-a-chip and they are able to have continuous procedure and reaction steps with spare amount of reactants and space. Such systems enable the identification and isolation of individual cells and molecules when combined with appropriate biological assays and high-sensitivity detection techniques.[82][83]
Organ-on-a-chip
OoC systems mimic and control the microenvironment of the cells by growing tissues in microfluidics. Combining tissue engineering, biomaterials fabrication, and cell biology, it offers the possibility of establishing a biomimetic model for studying human diseases in the laboratory. In recent years, 3D cell culture science has made significant progress, leading to the development of OoC. OoC is considered as a preclinical step that benefits pharmaceutical studies, drug development and disease modeling.[84][85] OoC is an important technology that can bridge the gap between animal testing and clinical studies and also by the advances that the science has achieved could be a replace for in vivo studies for drug delivery and pathophysiological studies.[86]
Culture of non-mammalian cells
Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before senescence occurs (see Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish keratocytes in cell migration studies.[87][47][88]
Plant cell culture methods
Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as callus cultures on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones auxin and cytokinin.[citation needed]
Insect cell culture
Cells derived from
Bacterial and yeast culture methods
For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.[citation needed]
Viral culture methods
The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole wild type viruses, recombinant viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and viral replication may result in host cell lysis and formation of a viral plaque.[citation needed]
Common cell lines
- Human cell lines
- DU145 (prostate cancer)
- adrenocortical cancer)
- HeLa (cervical cancer)
- KBM-7 (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
- LNCaP (prostate cancer)
- MCF-7 (breast cancer)
- MDA-MB-468 (breast cancer)
- PC3 (prostate cancer)
- bone cancer)
- myeloma)
- T-47D (breast cancer)
- myeloid leukemia)
- U-87 MG (glioblastoma)
- NCI60)
- Animal cell lines
- epithelialcell line)
- BHK21 cell (Baby Hambster Kidney)
- MDBK cell (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney)
- DF-1cell (chicken fibroblast)
- Mouse cell lines
- calvarium)
- Rat tumor cell lines
- GH3 (pituitary tumor)
- PC12 (pheochromocytoma)
- Plant cell lines
- cell suspension culture, they are model systemof plant cell)
- Other species cell lines
- epithelial
- Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial
- AB9
List of cell lines
Cell line | Meaning | Organism | Origin tissue | Morphology | Links |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3T3-L1 | "3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells" | Mouse | Embryo | Fibroblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
4T1 | Mouse | Mammary gland | ATCC Cellosaurus | ||
1321N1 | Human | Brain | Astrocytoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
9L | Rat | Brain | Glioblastoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A172 | Human | Brain | Glioblastoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A20 | Mouse | B lymphoma | B lymphocyte | Cellosaurus | |
A253 | Human | Submandibular duct | Head and neck carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
A2780 | Human | Ovary | Ovarian carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A2780ADR | Human | Ovary | Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780 | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A2780cis | Human | Ovary | Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780 | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A431 | Human | Skin epithelium | Squamous cell carcinoma |
ECACC Cellosaurus | |
A549 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
AB9 |
Zebrafish | Fin | Fibroblast | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
AHL-1 | Armenian Hamster Lung-1 | Hamster | Lung | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
ALC | Mouse | Bone marrow | Stroma | ||
B16 | Mouse | Melanoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
B35 | Rat | Neuroblastoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | ||
BCP-1 | Human | PBMC |
HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
BEAS-2B | Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40) | Human | Lung | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus |
bEnd.3 | Brain Endothelial 3 | Mouse | Brain/cerebral cortex | Endothelium | Cellosaurus |
BHK-21 | Baby Hamster Kidney-21 | Hamster | Kidney | Fibroblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
BOSC23 | Packaging cell line derived from HEK 293 | Human | Kidney (embryonic) | Epithelium | Cellosaurus |
BT-20 |
Breast Tumor-20 | Human | Breast epithelium | Breast carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus |
BxPC-3 | Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3 | Human | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus |
C2C12 | Mouse | Myoblast | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
C3H-10T1/2 | Mouse | Embryonic mesenchymal cell line | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
C6 | Rat | Brain astrocyte | Glioma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
C6/36 | Insect - Asian tiger mosquito |
Larval tissue | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
Caco-2 | Human | Colon | Colorectal carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Cal-27 | Human | Tongue | Squamous cell carcinoma |
ATCC Cellosaurus | |
Calu-3 | Human | Lung | Adenocarcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
CGR8 | Mouse | Embryonic stem cells | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
CHO | Chinese Hamster Ovary | Hamster | Ovary | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus |
CML T1 | Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1 | Human | CML acute phase | T cell leukemia | DSMZ Cellosaurus |
CMT12 | Canine Mammary Tumor 12 | Dog | Mammary gland | Epithelium | Cellosaurus |
COR-L23 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
COR-L23/5010 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
COR-L23/CPR | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
COR-L23/R23- | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
COS-7 | Cercopithecus aethiops, origin-defective SV-40 | Old World monkey - Cercopithecus aethiops (Chlorocebus) | Kidney | Fibroblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
COV-434 | Human | Ovary | Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma | ||
CT26 | Mouse | Colon | Colorectal carcinoma | Cellosaurus | |
D17 | Dog | Lung metastasis | Osteosarcoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
DAOY | Human | Brain | Medulloblastoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
DH82 | Dog | Histiocytosis | Monocyte/macrophage | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
DU145 | Human | Androgen insensitive prostate carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | ||
DuCaP | Dura mater cancer of the Prostate | Human | Metastatic prostate carcinoma | Epithelial | |
E14Tg2a | Mouse | Embryonic stem cells | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
EL4 | Mouse | T cell leukemia | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
EM-2 | Human | CML blast crisis | Ph+ CML line | DSMZ Cellosaurus | |
EM-3 | Human | CML blast crisis | Ph+ CML line | DSMZ Cellosaurus | |
EMT6/AR1 | Mouse | Mammary gland | Epithelial-like | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
EMT6/AR10.0 | Mouse | Mammary gland | Epithelial-like | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
FM3 | Human | Lymph node metastasis | Melanoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
GL261 | Glioma 261 | Mouse | Brain | Glioma | Cellosaurus |
H1299 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
HaCaT | Human | Skin | Keratinocyte | CLS Cellosaurus | |
HCA2 | Human | Colon | Adenocarcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
HEK 293 | Human Embryonic Kidney 293 | Human | Kidney (embryonic) | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus |
HEK 293T |
HEK 293 derivative | Human | Kidney (embryonic) | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus |
HeLa | "Henrietta Lacks" | Human | Cervix epithelium | Cervical carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Hepa1c1c7 | Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1 | Mouse | Hepatoma | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Hep G2 | Human | Liver | Hepatoblastoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
High Five | Insect (moth) - Trichoplusia ni |
Ovary | Cellosaurus | ||
HL-60 | Human Leukemia-60 | Human | Blood | Myeloblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
HT-1080 | Human | Fibrosarcoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
HT-29 | Human | Colon epithelium | Adenocarcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
J558L | Mouse | Myeloma | B lymphocyte cell | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Jurkat | Human | White blood cells | T cell leukemia | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
JY | Human | Lymphoblastoid | EBV-transformed B cell | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
K562 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | CML blast crisis | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
KBM-7 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | CML blast crisis | Cellosaurus | |
KCL-22 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | CML | DSMZ Cellosaurus | |
KG1 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | AML | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Ku812 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | Erythroleukemia | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
KYO-1 | Kyoto-1 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | CML | DSMZ Cellosaurus |
L1210 | Mouse | Lymphocytic leukemia | Ascitic fluid | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
L243 | Mouse | Hybridoma |
Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR) | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
LNCaP | Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate | Human | Prostatic adenocarcinoma | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MA-104 | Microbiological Associates-104 | African Green Monkey | Kidney | Epithelial | Cellosaurus |
MA2.1 | Mouse | Hybridoma |
Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17) | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48 | Human | Skin | A range of melanoma cell lines | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
MC-38 | Mouse Colon-38 | Mouse | Colon | Adenocarcinoma | Cellosaurus |
MCF-7 | Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 | Human | Breast | Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+ | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MCF-10A | Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A | Human | Breast epithelium | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
MDA-MB-157 | M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157 | Human | Pleural effusion metastasis | Breast carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MDA-MB-231 |
M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231 | Human | Pleural effusion metastasis | Breast carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MDA-MB-361 | M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361 | Human | Melanoma (contaminated by M14) | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
MDA-MB-468 | M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468 | Human | Pleural effusion metastasis | Breast carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus |
MDCK II |
Madin Darby Canine Kidney II |
Dog | Kidney | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MG63 | Human | Bone | Osteosarcoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
MIA PaCa-2 | Human | Prostate | Pancreatic Carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
MOR/0.2R | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Mono-Mac-6 | Human | White blood cells | Myeloid metaplasic AML | DSMZ Cellosaurus | |
MRC-5 | Medical Research Council cell strain 5 | Human | Lung (fetal) | Fibroblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
MTD-1A | Mouse | Epithelium | Cellosaurus | ||
MyEnd | Myocardial Endothelial | Mouse | Endothelium | Cellosaurus | |
NCI-H69 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NCI-H69/CPR | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NCI-H69/LX10 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NCI-H69/LX20 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NCI-H69/LX4 | Human | Lung | Lung carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Neuro-2a | Mouse | Nerve/neuroblastoma | Neuronal stem cells | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NIH-3T3 |
NIH, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 105 cells | Mouse | Embryo | Fibroblast | ECACC Cellosaurus |
NALM-1 | Human | Peripheral blood | Blast-crisis CML | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
NK-92 | Human | Leukemia/lymphoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | ||
NTERA-2 | Human | Lung metastasis | Embryonal carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
NW-145 | Human | Skin | Melanoma | ESTDAB Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine Cellosaurus | |
OK | Opossum Kidney | Virginia opossum - Didelphis virginiana | Kidney | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
OPCN / OPCT cell lines | Human | Prostate | Range of prostate tumour lines | Cellosaurus | |
P3X63Ag8 | Mouse | Myeloma | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
PANC-1 | Human | Duct | Epithelioid Carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
PC12 |
Rat | Adrenal medulla | Pheochromocytoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
PC-3 | Prostate Cancer-3 | Human | Bone metastasis | Prostate carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Peer | Human | T cell leukemia | DSMZ Cellosaurus | ||
PNT1A | Human | Prostate | SV40-transformed tumour line | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
PNT2 | Human | Prostate | SV40-transformed tumour line | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Pt K2 |
The second cell line derived from Potorous tridactylis | Long-nosed potoroo - Potorous tridactylus | Kidney | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Raji | Human | B lymphoma | Lymphoblast-like | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
RBL-1 | Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1 | Rat | Leukemia | Basophil cell | ECACC Cellosaurus |
RenCa | Renal Carcinoma | Mouse | Kidney | Renal carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus |
RIN-5F | Mouse | Pancreas | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
RMA-S | Mouse | T cell tumour | Cellosaurus | ||
S2 | Schneider 2 | Insect - Drosophila melanogaster | Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
SaOS-2 | Sarcoma OSteogenic-2 | Human | Bone | Osteosarcoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Sf21 | Spodoptera frugiperda 21 | Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda |
Ovary | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
Sf9 | Spodoptera frugiperda 9 | Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda |
Ovary | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
SH-SY5Y | Human | Bone marrow metastasis | Neuroblastoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
SiHa | Human | Cervix epithelium | Cervical carcinoma | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
SK-BR-3 | Sloan-Kettering Breast cancer 3 |
Human | Breast | Breast carcinoma | DSMZ Cellosaurus |
SK-OV-3 | Sloan-Kettering Ovarian cancer 3 |
Human | Ovary | Ovarian carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
SK-N-SH | Human | Brain | Epithelial | ATCC Cellosaurus | |
T2 | Human | T cell leukemia/B cell line hybridoma |
ATCC Cellosaurus | ||
T-47D | Human | Breast | Breast ductal carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
T84 | Human | Lung metastasis | Colorectal carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
T98G | Human | Glioblastoma-astrocytoma | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
THP-1 | Human | Monocyte | Acute monocytic leukemia | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
U2OS | Human | Osteosarcoma | Epithelial | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
U373 | Human | Glioblastoma-astrocytoma | Epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
U87 | Human | Glioblastoma-astrocytoma | Epithelial-like | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
U937 |
Human | Leukemic monocytic lymphoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
VCaP | Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate | Human | Vertebra metastasis | Prostate carcinoma | ECACC Cellosaurus |
Vero | From Esperanto: verda (green, for green monkey) reno (kidney) | African green monkey - Chlorocebus sabaeus | Kidney epithelium | ECACC Cellosaurus | |
VG-1 | Human | Primary effusion lymphoma | Cellosaurus | ||
WM39 | Human | Skin | Melanoma | ESTDAB Cellosaurus | |
WT-49 | Human | Lymphoblastoid | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
YAC-1 | Mouse | Lymphoma | ECACC Cellosaurus | ||
YAR | Human | Lymphoblastoid | EBV-transformed B cell | Human Immunology[93] ECACC Cellosaurus |
See also
- Biological immortality
- Cell culture assays
- Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
- List of contaminated cell lines
- List of NCI-60 Cell Lines
- List of LL-100 panel Cell Lines
- List of breast cancer cell lines
- Microphysiometry
References and notes
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-07757-4.
- PMID 22991459.
- ^ "Some landmarks in the development of tissue and cell culture". Retrieved 19 April 2006.
- ^ "Cell Culture". Retrieved 19 April 2006.
- ^ "Whonamedit - Ringer's solution". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- JSTOR 30073371.
- ^ Atala A (2009). "Growing new organs". TEDMED. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ "Animals and alternatives in testing". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2006.
- S2CID 10339716.
- ^ Schiff JA (February 2002). "An unsung hero of medical research". Yale Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2006.
- PMID 16588100.
- ^ Haberlandt, G. (1902) Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. J. 111, 69–92.
- PMID 16652925.
- ISBN 978-3-211-83839-6
- ^ PMID 19867420.
- ISBN 978-1-4612-0247-9.
- ^ a b Simon EM (1988). "Phase I Final Report: Fibrous Substrates for Cell Culture (R3RR03544A)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ Urry, L. A., Campbell, N. A., Cain, M. L., Reece, J. B., Wasserman, S. (2007). Biology. United Kingdom: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. p. 860
- PMID 26186893.
- PMID 21723873.
- ^ Hemeda, H., Giebel, B., Wagner, W. (16Feb2014) Evaluation of human platelet lysate versus fetal bovine serum for culture of mesenchymal stromal cells Cytotherapy p170-180 issue 2 doi.10.1016
- ^ "Post - Blog | Boval BioSolutions, LLC". bovalco.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ "LipiMAX purified lipoprotein solution from bovine serum". Selborne Biological Services. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- PMID 19324349.
- PMID 24692228.
- PMID 26254240.
- PMID 25722392.
- PMID 10516762.
- PMID 11732505.
- PMID 19002894.
- ^ S2CID 13255156.
- PMID 16504380.
- PMID 10508494.
- S2CID 991019.
- ^ a b Dunham JH, Guthmiller P (2008). "Doing good science: Authenticating cell line identity" (PDF). Cell Notes. 22: 15–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
- ^ Brendan P. Lucey, Walter A. Nelson-Rees, Grover M. Hutchins; Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 September 2009; 133 (9): 1463–1467. doi: https://doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1463
- PMID 23223511.
- ^ S2CID 222319735.
- PMID 31039782.
- PMID 30613774.
- PMID 28388410.
- ^ "Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 C3d 120". Online.ceb.com. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- PMID 9785764.
- ^ "Worthington tissue guide". Retrieved 30 April 2013.
- PMID 14643607.
- PMID 27190588.
- ^ PMID 28627731.
- S2CID 9036803.
- PMID 20647425.
- PMID 21179449.
- PMID 16923388.
- PMID 16169468.
- PMID 19931152.
- PMID 20886123.
- PMID 20733059.
- PMID 18086923.
- S2CID 201357.
- S2CID 21773886.
- PMID 15744840.
- S2CID 206517419.
- S2CID 28568350.
- S2CID 205225137.
- ^ "drug [email protected]". Nature.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- PMID 22007147.
- S2CID 6925183.
- S2CID 213634060.
- ISSN 2051-6347.
- PMID 24831787.
- PMID 22776290.
- PMID 20130583.
- PMID 22161651.
- PMID 30320273.
- PMID 33823809.
- S2CID 208277016.
- PMID 34830082.
- PMID 19472329.
- ^ "Quickie Bird Flu Vaccine Created". Wired. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
{{cite magazine}}
: Unknown parameter|agency=
ignored (help) - PMID 16439551.
- ^ "NIAID Taps Chiron to Develop Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 17 August 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- S2CID 19646957.
- S2CID 1991776.
- S2CID 35904402.
- S2CID 219972841.
- PMID 32050989.
- S2CID 248756548.
- PMID 33341248.
- PMID 24973510.
- PMID 9427291.
- PMID 21983546.
- S2CID 31499611.
- S2CID 6182244.
- PMID 11317521.
- PMID 9548074.
Further reading
- Pacey L, Stead S, Gleave J, Tomczyk K, Doering L (2006). "Neural Stem Cell Culture: Neurosphere generation, microscopical analysis and cryopreservation". Protocol Exchange. .
- Gilabert JA, Montalvo GB, Artalejo AR (2006). "Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays". Protocol Exchange. .
- Losardo RJ, Gutiérrez RC, Prates JC, Moscovici M, Torres AR, Martínez MA (2015). "Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy". International Journal of Morphology. 33 (2): 794–800. .
- MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG (November 1999). "Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source". International Journal of Cancer. 83 (4): 555–563. PMID 10508494.
- Masters JR (April 2002). "HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 (4): 315–319. S2CID 991019.
- Witkowski JA (July 1983). "Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution". Medical History. 27 (3): 269–288. PMID 6353093.
External links
- Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed.
- Cancer Cells in Culture
- Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces
- Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base
- Cell Culture Applications - Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start.
- Cell Culture Basics - Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training
- Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research
- Coriell Cell Repositories
- An Introduction To Cell Culture. This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.
- The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.
- Public Health England, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC)