Celtic studies
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Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i.e. speakers of Celtic languages). This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history, archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct.[1] The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, or France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands.
History
Written studies of the Celts, their cultures, and their languages go back to
Academic interest in Celtic languages grew out of comparative and historical
In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages. He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the numerals in many other languages.
The second big leap forwards was made when
Although Jones' trail-blazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, it was not until Bavarian linguist Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made.[1] Written in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a firm basis for Celtic philology.[1] Among his many other achievements, Zeuss was able to decipher and explain Old Irish verbal and grammatical rules and also definitively linked the Celtic languages to the Indo-European language family
Celtic studies in the the Netherlands
German Celtic studies (Keltologie) is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above). In 1847, he was appointed professor of linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics. Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language. He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family. From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin.[citation needed]
In 1896,
Perhaps the most important German-speaking Celticist was Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940). A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at the University of Freiburg in 1887; he succeeded to the equivalent chair at the University of Bonn in 1913. His notability arises from his work on Old Irish. For his masterwork, Handbuch des Altirischen ("Handbook of Old Irish", 1909), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts. His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish.[citation needed]
In 1920,
After
Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn,
The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (in the Netherlands).[9][10] It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A. G. van Hamel.[11]
Celtic studies in the Celtic nations
Ireland
Celtic studies and Irish studies are taught in universities in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, the Irish language is taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools across the island of Ireland.
The beginning of Celtic Studies as a university subject in Ireland might be dated to
In Northern Ireland, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University offer Celtic studies programmes. In Northern Ireland, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University also offer Celtic studies.
Scotland
In 1874, Donald MacKinnon became the first Chair of Celtic studies at the University of Edinburgh, in 1882. Aberdeen, Glasgow and the University of the Highlands and Islands also have Celtic studies departments.
A major funder of UK Celtic Studies doctoral studies is the AHRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in the Celtic Languages, which admitted PhD students in the period 2014–2019. The CDT in Celtic Languages is administered through Celtic and Gaelic at the University of Glasgow and its director is Prof. Katherine Forsyth.
Cornwall
The Institute of Cornish Studies is based in Falmouth, Cornwall.
Celtic studies in the United Kingdom
Celtic studies are taught in universities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, Celtic languages are taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man.
The formal study of Celtic Studies at British universities in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the establishment of chairs for Sir
A major funder of UK Celtic Studies doctoral studies is the AHRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in the Celtic Languages, which admitted PhD students in the period 2014–2019. The CDT in Celtic Languages is administered through Celtic and Gaelic at the University of Glasgow and its director is Prof. Katherine Forsyth.
Celtic studies in North America
In North America, Celtic scholars and students are represented professionally by the Celtic Studies Association of North America.[12]
In Canada
Several universities in Canada offer some Celtic studies courses, while only two universities offers a full B.A. as well as graduate courses.
Other Canadian universities which offer courses in Celtic, Scottish or Irish studies include
In the United States of America
In the United States, Harvard University is notable for its Doctorate program in Celtic studies.[20] Celtic studies are also offered at the universities of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,[21] California–Berkeley,[22] California–Los Angeles,[23] Bard College,[24] and many others,[25][26] including programs in which a student may minor, like at the College of Charleston.[27] Some aspects of Celtic studies can be accessed through Irish Studies programmes, such as at the University of Notre Dame.
Celtic studies in France
In 1804, the
The University of Western Brittany (Brest) offers a two-year, international European-Union certified master's degree course entitled "Celtic languages and Cultures in Contact". It is part of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research (CRBC). Closely linked to this MA programme, the University of Western Brittany organizes an intensive two-week Summer School in Breton Language and Cultural Heritage Studies every year in June. This Summer School is also sponsored by the CRBC and welcomes scholars from around the world with an interest in the Celtic (and minority) languages and cultures to study Breton, the least known of the living Celtic languages.
Celtic studies elsewhere
Celtic studies are also taught at other universities elsewhere in Europe, including the
Irish studies are taught at the University of Burgos (Spain)[32] and the University of A Coruña (Galicia).[33] Galicia also has its own Institute for Celtic Studies.
Celtic Studies are taught at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of Sydney (Australia),[34] which also hosts the triennial Australian Conference of Celtic Studies.
International Congress of Celtic Studies
The International Congress of Celtic Studies is the foremost academic conference in the field of Celtic Studies and is held every four years. It was first held in Dublin in 1959. The XV International Congress of Celtic Studies was held at the University of Glasgow in 2015. In 2019, the XVI ICCS was held at Bangor University and the XVII ICCS will be held at Utrecht University in 2023.
Areas of Celtic studies
- Archaeology
- Linguistics and philology (historical linguistics)
- Ethnology
- Folklore
- History
- Literature
- Onomastics (Toponymy)
- Religious studies (see Celtic Christianity)
- Political science
Notable Celticists
- Osborn Bergin (1873–1950)
- D. A. Binchy (1899–1989)
- Liam Breatnach
- Rachel Bromwich (1915–2010)
- John Lorne Campbell (1906-1996)
- John Carey (Celticist)
- Nora Chadwick(1891–1972)
- Thomas Owen Clancy
- Ann Dooley
- Maartje Draak (1907–1995)
- Thomas Charles-Edwards (born 1943)
- Peter Berresford Ellis (born 1943)
- Christiane Éluère (born 1946)
- Ellis Evans (1930–2013)
- Robin Flower (1881–1946)
- Katherine Forsyth
- Sir Idris Foster (1911–1984)
- John Fraser (1882–1945)
- Richard Gendall (1924–2017)
- Ken George
- R. Geraint Gruffydd (1928–2015)
- Anton Gerard van Hamel(1886–1945)
- Marged Haycock
- Máire Herbert
- Kathleen Hughes (1926–1977)
- Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson(1909–1991)
- Henry Jenner (1848–1934)
- Bobi Jones (1929–2017)
- Raimund Karl (born 1969)
- Fergus Kelly
- Eleanor Knott (1886–1975)
- Alexander Macbain (1855–1907)
- Proinsias Mac Cana
- Fr. Allan MacDonald (1859-1905)
- Bernhard Maier(born 1963)
- Ranko Matasović (born 1968)
- Kim McCone (born 1950)
- Eoin McKiernan (1915–2004)
- Kuno Meyer (1858–1919)
- John Morris-Jones (1864–1929)
- Robert Morton Nance (1873–1959)
- Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha
- Máire Ní Mhaonaigh
- Michael Newton
- Donnchadh Ó Corráin
- Brian Ó Cuív
- Breandán Ó Madagain(1932–2020)
- Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh (born 1966)
- Cecile O'Rahilly (1894–1980)
- T. F. O'Rahilly (1883–1953)
- Morfydd E. Owen
- Julius Pokorny (1887–1970)
- Sir John Rhys(1840–1915)
- Peter Schrijver (born 1963)
- Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin (1954–2011)
- Margaret Fay Shaw (1903-2004)
- Patrick Sims-Williams (born 1949)
- Marie-Louise Sjoestedt (1900–1940)
- Whitley Stokes(1830–1909)
- Brian Stowell (1936–2019)
- Thomas Taylor (1858–1938)
- Derick Thomson (1921–2012)
- Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940)
- Calvert Watkins (1933–2013)
- Glanmor Williams (1920–2005)
- Sir Ifor Williams (1881–1965)
- J. E. Caerwyn Williams (1912–1999)
- Nicholas Williams(born 1942)
- Ernst Windisch (1844–1918)
- Winifred Wulff (1895–1946)
- Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856)
- Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910)
Notable academic journals
- Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), est. 1896, Halle.
- Revue Celtique(RC), est. 1870, Paris; continued after 1934 by Études celtiques.
- Ériu est. 1904, Dublin.
- The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies(BBCS), est. 1921, Cardiff; merged with Studia Celtica in 1993.
- Études Celtiques (EC), est. 1936, Paris.
- Celtica. Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, est. 1949, Dublin.
- Studia Celtica, est. 1966, Cardiff.
- Éigse. A Journal of Irish Studies, est. 1939, Dublin.
- Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (CMCS), est. 1993, Aberystwyth; formerly Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies.
- Peritia. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Cork.
The Derek Allen Prize
The Derek Allen Prize, awarded annually by the British Academy since 1977, rotates between Celtic Studies, Numismatics and Musicology. Recent winners in the field of Celtic Studies include: Prof. Máire Herbert (2018), Prof. Pierre-Yves Lambert (2015) and Prof. Fergus Kelly (2012).[35] Prof. Herbert is the first female Celticist to be awarded this prize.
See also
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g Wiley, "Celtic studies, early history of the field" (2006).
- ^ Busse. "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie". In Koch (ed.). Celtic Culture. p. 1823.
- ^ "Celtic Studies at the University of Bonn" (in German). Archived from the original on 4 May 2019.
- ^ "Celtic Studies" (in German).
- ^ "Current Courses" (in German).
- ^ "Scottish Studies Centre". Archived from the original on 3 October 2008.
- ^ "Celtic Studies prospectus" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2007.
- ^ "Celtic Studies" (in German). Archived from the original on 25 February 2010.
- ^ "Keltische talen en cultuur" [Celtic Languages and Culture] (in Dutch). 5 July 2016.
- ^ "Celtic languages and culture". Archived from the original on 15 September 2000.
- ^ Schneiders, Marc (2002). "Hamel, Anton Gerard van (1886–1945)". Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. Vol. 5. Den Haag.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ See Celtic Studies Association of North America.
- ^ Celtic Studies Archived 10 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Celtic Studies Archived 27 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Celtic Studies Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Saint Mary's University – Irish Studies – Home". Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Centre for Scottish Studies – Simon Fraser University". Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Centre for Scottish Studies". Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Research – Department of Modern Languages and Literatures – University of Ottawa". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ See Department of Celtic Languages and Literatures.
- ^ Center for Celtic Studies
- ^ Celtic Studies Archived 4 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Celtic Studies.
- ^ Irish and Celtic Studies Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ date=24 June 2014.
- ^ https://study.com/gaelic_studies_schools.html [bare URL]
- ^ "Irish and Irish American Studies – College of Charleston".
- ^ Centre for Irish Studies.
- ^ Centre for Celtic Studies
- ^ Department of Germanic and Celtic Linguistics Archived 3 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian).
- ^ The Celtic Section at Uppsala Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish)
- ^ The Spanish Association for Irish Studies Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ University Institute of Research in Irish Studies, A Coruña, Galicia Archived 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Celtic Studies – Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences – The University of Sydney – Australia". Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "The Derek Allen Prize".
General references
- Busse, Peter E. "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie". In Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. J.T. Koch. 5 vols: vol. 5. Santa Barbara et al., 2006. p. 1823.
Further reading
- Brown, Terence (ed.). Celticism. Studia imagologica 8. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.
- Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds.). The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922–1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies. Dublin: Four Courts, 1999.
- Huther, Andreas. "'In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War". In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed. Fred Bridgham. Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006. pp. 231–44. ISBN 1-57113-340-2.
- Koch, John T. "Celtic Studies". In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond. British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. 235–61. ISBN 978-0-19-726395-2. RHS record
- Mac Mathúna, Séamus (2006). "The History of Celtic Scholarship in Russia and the Soviet Union". Studia Celto-Slavica. 1: 3–41. .
- Meek, Donald E. (2001). "'Beachdan Ura à Inbhir Nis/ New opinions from Inverness': Alexander MacBain (1855–1907) and the foundation of Celtic studies in Scotland". S2CID 163998566.
- Ó Lúing, Seán. Celtic studies in Europe and other essays. Dublin: Geography Publications, 2000.
- Schneiders, Marc and Kees Veelenturf. Celtic studies in the Netherlands: a bibliography. Dublin: DIAS, 1992.
- Sims-Williams, Patrick (1998). "Celtomania and Celtoscepticism". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 36: 1–35.
- Wiley, Dan. "Celtic studies, early history of the field". In Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ed. J. T. Koch. Santa Barbara et al., 2006.