Celtici
The Celtici (in
Classical sources
Several classical sources, Greek and Roman, mentioned the Celtici.
Strabo (3, 1, 6) echoed Poseidonius when he mentioned the Keltikoi as the main inhabitants of the region located between the rivers Tagus and Guadiana, approximately where the Alentejo (Portugal) stands today.[1]
The Celtici were not considered a barbarian people. On the contrary, they were what the Greeks considered a civilized people, almost in the same degree as the Turdetani.
They shared the same 'gentle and civilized' character of the Turdetani. Strabo put this down to the fact that they were neighbouring populations, and Polybius proposed that they were related, 'although the Celtici are less [civilized] because they generally live in hamlets (Str., 3, 2, 15)'.[1]
Their main cities were Lacobriga (probably
They appear to be the main group responsible for the celticization of the Conii, in the Algarve.[citation needed]
Their most famous city was
The origin of the Baeturian Celts was, according to Pliny, from the Celtici of Lusitania and were also kin to the Gallaeci:[2]
Latin: Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur.[3]
The Celtici from Guadiana had blood links with the Galician Celts, since there had been large-scale migration to the northwest of these Celts along with the Turduli (Str., 3, 3, 5).[1]
...[Pliny considers the Celtici who extend into Baetica] to have migrated from Lusitania which he appears to regard as the original seat of the whole Celtic population of the Iberian peninsula including the Celtiberians, on the ground of an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of cities.[4]
These migratory patterns have persisted on the same axis until modern times, supporting a centuries-old traditional and seasonal farming and animal husbandry
Pliny also noted that already in Roman times the inhabitants of Miróbriga (one of the Celtic cities of the region, near Santiago do Cacém) used the surname of Celtici: "Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur".[5] In the sanctuary of Miróbriga a resident leaves their Celtic origin recorded:
D(IS) M(ANIBUS) S(ACRUM) / C(AIUS) PORCIUS SEVE/RUS MIROBRIGEN(SIS) / CELT(ICUS) ANN(ORUM) LX / H(IC) S(ITUS) E(ST) S(IT) T(IBI) T(ERRA) L(EVIS)[6]
Origins
Traditional theories hold that the Celtici were a group that included several populi, namely the Saefes and the Cempsii, of unknown origin, which according to modern research possibly belonged to one of the first settlements of Celtic origin; and initially perhaps also the possible proto-Lusitanians (the Ligus, Lusis or Lycis), all mentioned in the Ora Maritima ("Sea Coasts") of Avienius,[7][8] and possibly reinforced with subsequent waves.
The Celtici of Alentejo and Baeturia
The main Eburones’ cities were their presumed capital Ebora (
The Celtici of Ultima Celtiberia
In
The Celtici of Gallaecia
Further North in
The Celtici Supertarmarci have also left a number of inscriptions,[13] as the Celtici Flavienses did.[14] Several villages and rural parishes still bear the name Céltigos (from Latin Celticos) in Galicia. This is also the name of an archpriesthood of the Catholic Church, a division of the archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela, encompassing part of the lands attributed to the Celtici Supertamarci by ancient authors.[15]
Culture
Archaeology[ neighbors, as well as receiving Hellenistic elements from the Carthaginians.
History
Submitted to Carthaginian rule just prior to the Second Punic War, the Celtici of Alentejo and Beturia recovered their independence in 206 BC whereas their Baetic counterparts simply shifted their allegiance from Carthage to the Roman Republic. In 197 BC the Ultima Celtiberia was included in the new Hispania Ulterior Province, though they were only conquered by the Ulterior Praetor Tiberius Gracchus in 179 BC.
The Beturian Celtici tribes however, rose in support of a
When the tide turned against the Lusitani in 141 BC, the Beturian Celtici were subjected to the punitive campaigns conducted in the Iberian southwest by Consul
See also
- Belgae
- Gauls
- History of Portugal
- History of Spain
- Prehistoric Iberia
- Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
- Names of the Celts
- List of Celtic place names in Portugal
- "Tartessian" or Southwestern language ("South-Lusitanian" language)
Citations
- ^ a b c d "The Celts in Iberia: An Overview". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
- ISBN 1-58811-584-4. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ C. PLINII NATVRALIS HISTORIAE LIBER III
- ^ Sir William Smith (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2, Boston, Little, Brown and Company.
- ^ "Pliny the Elder: Natural History, Book IV".
- ^ http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/GERI8888220019A/14757.pdf Archived 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine Breve noticia sobre o santuário campestre romano de Miróbriga dos Célticos (in Portuguese)
- ^ The Celts in Portugal, Teresa Júdice Gamito, University of Algarve, Volume 6 / The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - E-Keltoi, Center for Celtic Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2008 [1] Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Alarcão, Jorge. Populi, Castella and Gentilitates. Guimarães magazine. Special volume I, Guimarães, 1999. Casa de Sarmento.
- ^ "Tartessian". 5 March 2013.
- ^ Celtici: Pomponius Mela and Pliny; Κελτικοί: Strabo
- ^ 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.', Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, III, 7-9.
- ^ Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, III, 40.
- ^ Eburia / Calveni f(ilia) / Celtica / Sup(ertamarca) Cf. Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ [Do]quirus Doci f(ilius) / [Ce]lticoflavien(sis); Cassius Vegetus / Celti Flaviensis.
- ISBN 84-96530-20-5.)
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Livy, Ad Urbe Condita, 33: 21, 6.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, 33, 7, 4-7.
- ^ Appian, Iberiké, 68.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Crassus, 14, 1.
References
- Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1386-8
- Carlos Fabião, O mundo indígena e a sua romanização na área céltica do território hoje português (Vols. I-III), Doutoramento em Arqueologia, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (1999) - [3]
- Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)
- Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005). "The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 481–96.
- Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-7491-447-7
- Pliny the Elder, Natural history III, 13-14.
Further reading
- Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2
- Burillo Mozota, Francisco, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9