Central African Republic
Central African Republic | ||
---|---|---|
Motto: | ||
Anthem:
| ||
President of the National Assembly Simplice Sarandji | | |
Legislature | Coronation of Bokassa I | 4 December 1977 |
21 September 1979 | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi) (44th) | |
• Water (%) | 0 | |
Population | ||
• 2023 estimate | 5,552,228[2] (119th) | |
• Density | 7.1/km2 (18.4/sq mi) (221st) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $5.678 billion[3] (170th) | |
• Per capita | $1,109[3] (190th) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $2.760 billion[3] (182nd) | |
• Per capita | $539[3] (191st) | |
Gini (2008) | 56.3[4] high | |
HDI (2022) | 0.387[5] low (191st) | |
Currency | ||
Time zone | +236 | |
ISO 3166 code | CF | |
Internet TLD | .cf |
The Central African Republic (CAR),[a] formerly known as Ubangi-Shari,[b] is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west. Bangui is the country's capital and largest city, at the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Central African Republic covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi). As of 2021[update], it had an estimated population of around 5.5 million. As of 2024[update], the Central African Republic is the scene of a civil war, which has been ongoing since 2012.[8]
Most of the Central African Republic consists of Sudano-Guinean
What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited since at least 8,000 BCE. The country's borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an
By the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in a 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the country's poor human rights record: it was characterized by widespread and increasing abuses by various participating armed groups, such as arbitrary imprisonment, torture, and restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of movement.
Despite its significant
The Central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement.
Etymology
The name of the Central African Republic is derived from the country's geographical location in the central region of Africa and its republican form of government. From 1976 to 1979, the country was known as the Central African Empire.
During the colonial era, the country's name was Ubangi-Shari (French: Oubangui-Chari), a name derived from two major rivers and Central African waterways – Ubangi and Chari. Barthélemy Boganda, the country's first prime minister, favored the name "Central African Republic" over Ubangi-Shari, reportedly because he envisioned a larger union of countries in Central Africa.[15]
History
Early history
Approximately 10,000 years ago,
The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era (c. 3500–2700 BCE).[20][21] Ironworking developed in the region around 1000 BCE.[22]
The Ubangian people settled along the Ubangi River in what is today Central and East Central African Republic while some Bantu peoples migrated from the southwest from Cameroon.[23]
16th–19th century
In the 16th and 17th centuries
French colonial period
The European invasion of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the
In 1920
In September 1940, during the
Since independence (1960–present)
In the
After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN. Dacko became the country's first president when the Central African Republic formally received independence from France at midnight on 13 August 1960, a date celebrated by the country's Independence Day holiday.[44] Dacko threw out his political rivals, including Abel Goumba, former Prime Minister and leader of Mouvement d'évolution démocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.[45]
Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)
On 31 December 1965, Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for Life in 1972 and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire (as the country was renamed) on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world.[9]
In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school pupils were required to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa might have been personally involved in some of the killings.[46] In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and restored Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the official name of the country and the original government to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981.[47]
Central African Republic under Kolingba
Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a
By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[48]
When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé's party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a plurality (relative majority) but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé's party required coalition partners.[48]
Patassé government (1993–2003)
Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé's government of conducting a "witch hunt" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government's erratic behavior, three mutinies against Patassé's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996), the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to the Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA). Since 1997, the country has hosted almost a dozen peacekeeping interventions, earning it the title of "world champion of peacekeeping".[31]
In 1998, parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba's RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats. The next year, however, in spite of widespread public anger in urban centers over his corrupt rule, Patassé won a second term in the presidential election.[49]
On 28 May 2001, rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an
In the aftermath of the
Civil wars
François Bozizé suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet, which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba was named vice-president, which gave Bozizé's new government a positive image.[why?] Bozizé established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution, and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved.[52]
In 2004, the Central African Republic Bush War began, as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005, Bozizé won the presidential election, which excluded Patassé, and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels.[53] In November 2006, Bozizé's government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country's northern regions.[54] Though the initial public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, by December the French assistance included airstrikes by Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters against rebel positions.[55][56]
The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.[57]
In 2011, Bozizé was reelected in an election which was widely considered fraudulent.[10]
In November 2012, Séléka, a coalition of rebel groups, took over towns in the northern and central regions of the country. These groups eventually reached a peace deal with the Bozizé's government in January 2013 involving a power sharing government[10] but this deal broke down and the rebels seized the capital in March 2013 and Bozizé fled the country.[58][59]
On 11 January 2014, Michael Djotodia and Nicolas Tiengaye resigned as part of a deal negotiated at a regional summit in neighboring Chad.[67] Catherine Samba-Panza was elected as interim president by the National Transitional Council,[68] becoming the first ever female Central African president. On 23 July 2014, following Congolese mediation efforts, Séléka and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville.[69] By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka in the southwest and ex-Seleka in the northeast.[31] In March 2015, Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said 417 of the country's 436 mosques had been destroyed, and Muslim women were so scared of going out in public they were giving birth in their homes instead of going to the hospital.[70] On 14 December 2015, Séléka rebel leaders declared an independent Republic of Logone.[71]
Touadéra government (2016–present)
Presidential elections were held in December 2015. As no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a second round of elections was held on 14 February 2016 with run-offs on 31 March 2016.[72][73] In the second round of voting, former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was declared the winner with 63% of the vote, defeating Union for Central African Renewal candidate Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, another former Prime Minister.[74] While the elections suffered from many potential voters being absent as they had taken refuge in other countries, the fears of widespread violence were ultimately unfounded and the African Union regarded the elections as successful.[75]
Touadéra was sworn in on 30 March 2016. No representatives of the Seleka rebel group or the "anti-balaka" militias were included in the subsequently formed government.[76]
After the end of Touadéra's first term, presidential elections were held on 27 December 2020 with a possible second round planned for 14 February 2021.[77] Former president François Bozizé announced his candidacy on 25 July 2020 but was rejected by the Constitutional Court of the country, which held that Bozizé did not satisfy the "good morality" requirement for candidates because of an international warrant and United Nations sanctions against him for alleged assassinations, torture and other crimes.[78]
As large parts of the country were at the time controlled by armed groups, the election could not be conducted in many areas of the country.[79][80] Some 800 of the country's polling stations, 14% of the total, were closed due to violence.[81] Three Burundian peacekeepers were killed and an additional two were wounded during the run-up to the election.[82][83] President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was reelected in the first round of the election in December 2020.[84] Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group have supported President Faustin-Archange Touadéra in the fight against rebels. Russia's Wagner group has been accused of harassing and intimidating civilians.[85][86] In December 2022 Roger Cohen wrote in The New York Times "Wagner shock troops form a Praetorian Guard for Mr. Touadéra, who is also protected by Rwandan forces, in return for an untaxed license to exploit and export the Central African Republic's resources" and "one Western ambassador called the Central African Republic...a 'vassal state' of the Kremlin."[87]
Geography
The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo. The country lies between latitudes 2° and 11°N, and longitudes 14° and 28°E.[88]
Much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau
At 622,984 square kilometres (240,535 sq mi), the Central African Republic is the world's 44th-largest country.[90]
Much of the southern border is formed by
It has been estimated that up to 8% of the country is covered by forest, with the densest parts generally located in the southern regions. The forests are highly diverse and include commercially important species of
In 2008, Central African Republic was the world's least light pollution affected country.[94]
The Central African Republic is the focal point of the
Wildlife
In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of
In 2021, the rate of deforestation in the Central African Republic increased by 71%.[97]
Climate
The climate of the Central African Republic is generally tropical, with a wet season that lasts from June to September in the northern regions of the country, and from May to October in the south. During the wet season, rainstorms are an almost daily occurrence, and early morning fog is commonplace. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres (71 in) in the upper Ubangi region.[98]
The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May,
Prefectures and sub-prefectures
The Central African Republic is divided into 20 administrative prefectures (préfectures), two of which are economic prefectures (préfectures economiques); the prefectures are further divided into 84 sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures).[101]
The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Lim-Pendé, Mambéré, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M'Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Fafa, Ouham-Pendé and Vakaga. The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré.[101]
Politics and government
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Recent developments and Russian influence.(December 2022) |
Politics in the Central African Republic formally take place in a framework of a
Changes in government have occurred in recent years by three methods: violence, negotiations, and elections. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. The government was rated 'Partly Free' from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013.[102]
Executive branch
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term, and the prime minister is appointed by the president. The president also appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which initiates laws and oversees government operations. However, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of large parts of the country, which are governed by rebel groups.[103]
Acting president since April 2016 is
Legislative branch
The
Judicial branch
As in many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic's legal system is based on
Foreign relations
Foreign aid and UN Involvement
The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon foreign aid and numerous NGOs provide services that the government does not provide.[106] In 2019, over US$100 million in foreign aid was spent in the country, mostly on humanitarian assistance.[107]
In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation,
In response to concerns of a potential genocide, a peacekeeping force – the International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) – was authorized in December 2013. This African Union force of 6,000 personnel was accompanied by the French Operation Sangaris.[113]
In 2017, Central African Republic signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[114]
Human rights
The 2009 Human Rights Report by the
The State Department report also cites widespread
Violence against children and women in relation to accusations of witchcraft has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.[118][119][120] Witchcraft is a criminal offense under the penal code.[118]
Freedom of speech is addressed in the country's constitution, but there have been incidents of government intimidation of the media.[115] A report by the International Research & Exchanges Board's media sustainability index noted that "the country minimally met objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system".[115]
Approximately 68% of girls are married before they turn 18,[121] and the United Nations' Human Development Index ranked the country 188 out of 188 countries surveyed.[122] The Bureau of International Labor Affairs has also mentioned it in its last edition of the List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.
Demographics
The population of the Central African Republic has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000; as of a 2021 UN estimate, it is approximately 5,457,154.[123][124]
The
The nation comprises over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the
Rank | Name
|
Prefecture
|
Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Prefecture
|
Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangui |
1 | Bangui | Bangui | 622,771 | 11 | Kaga-Bandoro | Nana-Grébizi | 24,661 | |
2 | Bimbo | Ombella-M'Poko | 124,176 | 12 | Sibut | Kémo | 22,419 | ||
3 | Berbérati | Mambéré-Kadéï | 76,918 | 13 | Mbaïki | Lobaye | 22,166 | ||
4 | Carnot | Mambéré-Kadéï | 45,421 | 14 | Bozoum | Ouham-Pendé | 20,665 | ||
5 | Bambari | Ouaka | 41,356 | 15 | Paoua | Ouham-Pendé | 17,370 | ||
6 | Bouar | Nana-Mambéré | 40,353 | 16 | Batangafo | Ouham | 16,420 | ||
7 | Bossangoa | Ouham | 36,478 | 17 | Kabo | Ouham | 16,279 | ||
8 | Bria | Haute-Kotto | 35,204 | 18 | Bocaranga | Ouham-Pendé | 15,744 | ||
9 | Bangassou | Mbomou | 31,553 | 19 | Ippy | Ouaka | 15,196 | ||
10 | Nola | Sangha-Mbaéré | 29,181 | 20 | Alindao | Basse-Kotto | 14,401 |
Religion
According to the 2003 national census, 80.3% of the population was
There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including
According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups; they also provided refuge for people seeking shelter.[113]
Languages
The Central African Republic's two official languages are French and Sango (also spelled Sangho),[135] a creole developed as an inter-ethnic lingua franca based on the local Ngbandi language. The Central African Republic is one of the few African countries to have granted official status to an African language.
Healthcare
The largest hospitals in the country are located in the Bangui district. As a member of the
Malaria is endemic in the Central African Republic and one of the leading causes of death.[141] According to 2009 estimates, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 4.7% of the adult population (ages 15–49).[142] This is in general agreement with the 2016 United Nations estimate of approximately 4%.[143] Government expenditure on health was US$20 (PPP) per person in 2006[137] and 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.[137] There was only around 1 physician for every 20,000 persons in 2009.[144]
Education
Public education in the Central African Republic is free and is compulsory from ages 6 to 14.[145] However, approximately half of the adult population of the country is illiterate.[146] The two institutions of higher education in the Central African Republic are the University of Bangui, a public university located in Bangui, which includes a medical school; and Euclid University, an international university.[147][148]
Economy
The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine.[149]
The currency of the Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the former countries of French West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country's most important export, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30% and 50% of those produced each year leave the country clandestinely.[149] On 27 April 2022,[150] Bitcoin (BTC) was adopted as an additional legal tender. Lawmakers unanimously adopted a bill that made Bitcoin legal tender alongside the CFA franc and legalized the use of cryptocurrencies. President Faustin-Archange Touadéra signed the measure into law, said his chief of staff Obed Namsio. After an extraordinary meeting on 6 May 2022, COBAC published DECISION D-071-2022 [151] in which it banned the use of Crypto currency. It subsequently repealed its status as legal tender.[152]
Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as
The Republic's primary import partner is France (17.1%). Other imports come from the United States (12.3%), India (11.5%), and China (8.2%). Its largest export partner is France (31.2%), followed by Burundi (16.2%), China (12.5%), Cameroon (9.6%), and Austria (7.8%).[10]
The Central African Republic is a member of the
Infrastructure
Transportation
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through the Central African Republic: the
River
Since at least 2002 there have been plans to connect Bangui by
Energy
The Central African Republic primarily uses hydroelectricity as there are few other low cost resources for generating electricity.[159] Access to electricity is very limited with 15.6% of the total population having electrification, 34.6% in urban areas and 1.5% in rural areas. [160]
Communications
Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations,
Culture
Sports
Football is the country's most popular sport. The national football team is governed by the Central African Football Federation and stages matches at the Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.[162]
Basketball also is popular
See also
Notes
- ^
- Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka, IPA: [kōdōrōsésè tí bé.àfríkà]
- French: République centrafricaine, IPA: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn]; abbreviated RCA or Centrafrique, [sɑ̃tʁafʁik][7]
- ^ French: Oubangui-Chari
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Further reading
- Doeden, Matt, Central African Republic in Pictures (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009).
- Petringa, Maria, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006). ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
- Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002.
- Woodfrok, Jacqueline, Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic (Greenwood Press, 2006).
External links
Overviews
- Country Profile from BBC News
- Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Central African Republic at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic
- Key Development Forecasts for the Central African Republic from International Futures
News
- Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com
Other
- Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
- Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic. "Inside France's Secret War" from The Independent, 5 October 2007