Central nervous system disease
Central nervous system disease | |
---|---|
Central nervous system in yellow (brain and spinal cord) | |
Specialty | Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery |
Central nervous system diseases or central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).[1][2][3] These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments.
Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer. Brain tumors are the most frequent and have the highest mortality.[4]
Some disorders, such as substance addiction, autism, and ADHD may be regarded as CNS disorders, though the classifications are not without dispute.
Signs and symptoms
Every disease has different
Causes
Trauma
Any type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or injury done to the spinal cord can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person. Depending on the section of the brain or spinal cord that experiences the trauma, the outcome may be anticipated.
Infections
Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an infection is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.
Degeneration
Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with
Structural defects
Common structural defects include birth defects,[6] anencephaly, and spina bifida. Children born with structural defects may have malformed limbs, heart problems, and facial abnormalities.
Defects in the formation of the
.CNS Tumors
A
Autoimmune disorders
An
Stroke
A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a stroke.
Functions
Spinal cord
The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the
Brain
The brain serves as the organic basis of
Diagnosis
Types of CNS disorders
Addiction
Addiction is a disorder of the brain's
Arachnoid cysts
Arachnoid cysts are
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is an organic disorder of the nervous system.
Autism
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication.[9]
Brain tumors
Tumors of the central nervous system constitute around 2% of all cancer in the United States.[27]
Catalepsy
Catalepsy is a nervous disorder characterized by immobility and muscular rigidity, along with a decreased sensitivity to pain. Catalepsy is considered a symptom of serious diseases of the nervous system (e.g.,
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is usually caused by a foreign substance or a
Epilepsy/Seizures
Epilepsy is an unpredictable, serious, and potentially fatal disorder of the nervous system, thought to be the result of faulty electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly 80% of epilepsy occurs in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. Onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. Epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients as a consequence of brain surgery.[30]
Infection
A number of different
Locked-in syndrome
A medical condition, Locked-in syndrome usually resulting from a stroke that damages part of the brainstem, in which the body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (membranes) of the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Fever, vomiting, and a stiff neck are all symptoms of meningitis.
Migraine
A chronic, often debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches, often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory
Myelopathy
Myelopathy is an injury to the spinal cord due to severe compression that may result from trauma, congenital stenosis, degenerative disease or disc herniation. The spinal cord is a group of nerves housed inside the spine that runs almost its entire length.
Tourette's
Tourette's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal
Neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimer's
Alzheimer's is a
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the striatum. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.[31] Statistics show that Huntington's disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.
Parkinson's
Parkinson's disease, or PD, is a progressive illness of the nervous system. Caused by the death of dopamine-producing brain cells that affect motor skills and speech. Symptoms may include
Treatments
There are a wide range of treatments for central nervous system diseases. These can range from surgery to
See also
- Neurodegenerative disease
- List of central nervous system infections
References
- ^ "Nervous System Diseases". Healthinsite.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ Central Nervous System Diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ PMID 27190492.
- ^ "Central Nervous System Tumor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ "Obese People Have 'Severe Brain Degeneration'". Live Science. 25 August 2009.
- ^ "Birth Defects". Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "Stroke". Hearthealthywomen.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-24. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ a b "Organization of the Nervous System". Users.rcn.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ PMID 25374355.
- PMID 24459410.
- S2CID 19157711.
- PMID 21459101.
- PMID 26816013.
- ^ "How the Brain Works". Arachnoidcyst.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "ADHD Study: General Information". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ Christian Nordqvist (2010-09-30). "MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal". Medical News Today. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "Social Security Disability SSI and ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Ssdrc.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood". Ssa.gov. 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know". Webmd.com. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ a b "Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)". MayoClinic.com. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "Parkinsonism, ADHD: Common Genetic Link?". 2014-07-04.
- S2CID 3914739.
- Lay summary in: "Adult ADHD significantly increases risk of common form of dementia, study finds". Science Daily (Press release). February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". Ninds.nih.gov. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- PMID 22166445.
- PMID 24911152.
- PMID 31675094.
- ^ "What is Catalepsy? (with pictures)". wiseGEEK. 7 August 2023.
- ^ "West Nile Virus". Medicinenet.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "How Serious Are Seizures?". Epilepsy.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ "Huntington's Disease". Hdsa.org. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- PMID 22162696.
- PMID 17982908.
- ^ "Movement disorders in young people related to ADHD".
- ^ "Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report" (PDF). The Pharma 1000. November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2022.