Abdominal obesity
Abdominal obesity | |
---|---|
Other names | Central obesity, truncal obesity; see also Prader-Willi syndrome |
Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity and truncal obesity, is the human condition of an excessive concentration of
Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat, is located inside the
Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease,
Abdominal obesity is linked with higher cardiovascular events among South Asian ethnic population.[5]
Health risks
Heart disease
Abdominal obesity is typically associated with a statistically higher risk of
Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and that
Diabetes
There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in
Asthma
Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. As a result of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are tighter and the airway is narrower. Obesity causes decreased tidal volumes due to a reduction in chest expansion that is caused both by the weight on the chest itself and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragm.[32] It is commonly seen that people who are obese breathe quickly and often, while inhaling small volumes of air.[33] People with obesity are also more likely to be hospitalized for asthma. A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese.[34]
Alzheimer's disease
Based on studies, it is evident that obesity has a strong association with vascular and metabolic disease which could potentially be linked to Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also shown an association between mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship between later life obesity and dementia is less clear.[2] A study by Debette et al. (2010) examining over 700 adults found evidence to suggest higher volumes of visceral fat, regardless of overall weight, were associated with smaller brain volumes and increased risk of dementia.[35][36][37] Alzheimer's disease and abdominal obesity has a strong correlation and with metabolic factors added in, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was even higher. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was found that obesity was associated with an almost 10-fold increase risk of Alzheimer's disease.[2]
Other health risks
Central obesity can be a feature of
Ghroubi et al. (2007) examined whether abdominal circumference is a more reliable indicator than
Research published in The Lancet (2023) found that high levels of visceral fat were related to poorer cognitive performance. The findings suggest that maintaining a healthy weight and metabolic health may be important for preserving cognitive function.[41]
Causes
Diet
The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net
Intake of
Numerous large studies have demonstrated that
Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism shown in high-carbohydrate diets.[69][unreliable source?] It has also been shown that quality protein intake during a 24-hour period and the number of times the essential amino acid threshold of approximately 10 g[70] has been achieved is inversely related to the percentage of central abdominal fat. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.[71]
Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the
Alcohol consumption
A study has shown that
A systemic review and meta-analysis failed to find data pointing towards a dose-dependent relationship between beer intake and general obesity or abdominal obesity at low or moderate intake levels (under ~500 mL/day). However, high beer intake (above ~4 L/wk) appeared to be associated with a higher degree of abdominal obesity specifically, particularly among men.[74]
Other factors
The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in Western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.[75][76]
Other environmental factors, such as
Diagnosis
There are various ways of measuring abdominal obesity including:
- Absolute waist circumference (>102 cm (40 in) in men and >88 cm (35 in) in women)[78]
- Waist–hip ratio (the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women)[1]
- Waist-stature ratio(waist circumference divided by their height, >0.5 for adults under 40 and >0.6 for adults over 50)
- Sagittal Abdominal Diameter[79]
In those with a body mass index (BMI) under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat.[80] Intra-abdominal or visceral fat has a particularly strong correlation with cardiovascular disease.[1]
BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. Waist measurement (e.g., for BFP standard) is more prone to errors than measuring height and weight (e.g., for BMI standard). BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease.[81] It is recommended to use both methods of measurements.[82]
While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference 102 centimetres (40 in) in men and 88 centimetres (35 in) in women and the
Index of central obesity
Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh et al. in 2007[85] as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome.[86] The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cutoff of 102 cm (40 in) and 88 cm (35 in) for males and females as a marker of central obesity.[78] The same was used in defining metabolic syndrome.[87] Misra et al. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm (35 in) and 80 cm (31 in) for males and females.[88] Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups.[89] The International Diabetes Federation defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs.[90] The other limitation of waist circumference is that it the measurement procedure has not been standardized and in children there are no, or few, comparison standards or reference data.[91]
Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded.[86] An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity. Parikh et al. further tested a modified definition of metabolic syndrome in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.[86]
This parameter has been used in the study of metabolic syndrome[92][93] and cardiovascular disease.[94]
Central obesity in individuals with normal BMI is referred to as normal weight obesity.
Sex differences
There are sex-dependent differences in regional fat distribution.
Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences.[95] When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.[96][97]
In women,
50% of men and 70% of women in the United States between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.[101]
Central obesity is positively associated with
Management
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A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity.
A 2006 study published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,[113] suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of cortisol, a hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.[114]
Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it is the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed) that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk). The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a
In the presence of
Low-fat diets may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment."[117] The Women's Health Initiative ("the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical trial"[117]) found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group. The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P<.001) and was 2.2 kg less than the control group change from baseline at year 1. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.[118]
Society and culture
Myths
There is a common misconception that
Colloquialisms
A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly".[120] Several colloquial terms used to refer to central obesity, and to people who have it, refer to beer drinking. However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits.[121][122] Chronic alcoholism can lead to cirrhosis, symptoms of which include gynecomastia (enlarged breasts) and ascites (abdominal fluid). These symptoms can suggest the appearance of central obesity.
Deposits of excess fat at the sides of one's waistline or obliques are commonly referred to as "love handles".
Economics
Researchers in Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31,840 subjects aged 50–64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in health care costs in women and men respectively. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm (approx 37.4 in) and without underlying health problems or co-morbidities can incur economic costs that are 22%, or US$397, higher per year than a woman with a normal waist circumference.[123]
See also
- Bariatrics, the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity
- Lipoatrophy, the term describing the localized loss of fat tissue
- Muffin top
- Normal weight obesity, normal BMI with excessive fat, usually centrally localized
- Panniculus, hanging belly fat
- Steatosis, also called fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration
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Sit-ups will make your abdominal muscles stronger, sure. And, you may look thinner by building your abdominal muscles because you can hold in your belly fat better. But strengthening your stomach muscles alone will not specifically reduce belly fat.
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Further reading
- Griesemer RL (July 25, 2008). Index of Central Obesity as a Parameter to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome for White, Black, and Hispanic Adults in the United States (Master's thesis). Public Health Theses, doi:10.57709/1062268.
- Lee K, Song YM, Sung J (April 2008). "Which obesity indicators are better predictors of metabolic risk?: healthy twin study". Obesity. 16 (4): 834–40. S2CID 1633972.
- Shao J, Yu L, Shen X, Li D, Wang K (November 2010). "Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults". The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 14 (9): 782–5. S2CID 11187741.
External links
- Media related to Abdominal obesity at Wikimedia Commons