Centriole

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: Centrosome
Cell biology
centrosome
Components of a typical centrosome:
  1. Centriole
  2. Mother centriole
  3. Daughter centriole
  4. Distal ends
  5. Distal appendages
  6. Subdistal appendages
  7. Proximal ends
  8. Microtubule triplets
  9. Interconnecting fibers
  10. Microtubules
  11. Pericentriolar material
Cross-section of a centriole showing its microtubule triplets.

In

charophytes, bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, cycads, and Ginkgo.[2][3] A bound pair of centrioles, surrounded by a highly ordered mass of dense material, called the pericentriolar material (PCM),[4] makes up a structure called a centrosome.[1]

Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of

cenexin and tektin.[7]

The main function of centrioles is to produce cilia during interphase and the aster and the spindle during cell division.

History

The centrosome was discovered jointly by

centrosomes as composed of two orthogonal centrioles in 1883.[11] Theodor Boveri introduced the term "centrosome" in 1888[12][9][13][14] and the term "centriole" in 1895.[15][9] The basal body was named by Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann in 1880.[16][9] The pattern of centriole duplication was first worked out independently by Étienne de Harven and Joseph G. Gall c. 1950.[17][18]

Role in cell division

orthogonally

Centrioles are involved in the organization of the

cilia and as a result, they die shortly after birth.[21]
The centrioles can self replicate during cell division.

Cellular organization

Centrioles are a very important part of

microtubules in the cytoplasm.[22][23]
The position of the centriole determines the position of the nucleus and plays a crucial role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.

3D rendering of centrioles

Fertility

Sperm centrioles are important for 2 functions:[24] (1) to form the sperm flagellum and sperm movement and (2) for the development of the embryo after fertilization. The sperm supplies the centriole that creates the centrosome and microtubule system of the zygote.[25]

Ciliogenesis

In flagellates and ciliates, the position of the flagellum or cilium is determined by the mother centriole, which becomes the basal body. An inability of cells to use centrioles to make functional flagella and cilia has been linked to a number of genetic and developmental diseases. In particular, the inability of centrioles to properly migrate prior to ciliary assembly has recently been linked to Meckel–Gruber syndrome.[26]

Animal development

Electron micrograph of a centriole from a mouse embryo.

Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishing left-right asymmetry, during mammalian development.[27]

Centriole duplication

Before

orthogonally until mitosis. At that point the mother and daughter centrioles separate dependently on an enzyme called separase.[28]

The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at the distal end of its long axis and is attached to its daughter at the proximal end. Each daughter cell formed after cell division will inherit one of these pairs. Centrioles start duplicating when DNA replicates.[19]

Origin

The last common ancestor of all

flowering plants, which do not have ciliate or flagellate gametes.[29]
It is unclear if the last common ancestor had one
centrins required for centriole growth, are only found in eukaryotes, and not in bacteria or archaea.[30]

Etymology and pronunciation

The word centriole (

combining forms of centri- and -ole
, yielding "little central part", which describes a centriole's typical location near the center of the cell.

Atypical centrioles

Typical centrioles are made of 9 triplets of

microtubules organized with radial symmetry.[32] Centrioles can vary the number of microtubules and can be made of 9 doublets of microtubules (as in Drosophila melanogaster) or 9 singlets of microtubules as in C. elegans. Atypical centrioles are centrioles that do not have microtubules, such as the Proximal Centriole-Like found in D. melanogaster sperm,[33] or that have microtubules with no radial symmetry, such as in the distal centriole of human spermatozoon.[34] Atypical centrioles may have evolved at least eight times independently during vertebrate evolution and may evolve in the sperm after internal fertilization evolves.[35]

It wasn't clear why centriole become atypical until recently. The atypical distal centriole forms a dynamic basal complex (DBC) that, together with other structures in the sperm neck, facilitates a cascade of internal sliding, coupling tail beating with head kinking. The atypical distal centriole's properties suggest that it evolved into a transmission system that couples the sperm tail motors to the whole sperm, thereby enhancing sperm function.[36]

References

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    (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2017.
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  8. ^ Flemming, W. (1875). Studien uber die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden. Sitzungsgeber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 71, 81–147
  9. ^ a b c d e Bloodgood RA. From central to rudimentary to primary: the history of an underappreciated organelle whose time has come. The primary cilium. Methods Cell Biol. 2009;94:3-52. doi: 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)94001-2. Epub 2009 Dec 23. PMID 20362083.
  10. ^ Van Beneden, E. (1876). Contribution a l’histoire de la vesiculaire germinative et du premier noyau embryonnaire. Bull. Acad. R. Belg (2me series) 42, 35–97.
  11. PMID 12226736
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  12. ^ Boveri, T. (1888). Zellen-Studien II. Die Befruchtung und Teilung des Eies von Ascaris megalocephala. Jena. Z. Naturwiss. 22, 685–882.
  13. ^ Boveri, T. Ueber das Verhalten der Centrosomen bei der Befruchtung des Seeigel-Eies nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen über Centrosomen und Verwandtes. Verh. d. Phys.-Med. Ges. zu Würzburg, N. F., Bd. XXIX, 1895. link.
  14. ^ Boveri, T. (1901). Zellen-Studien: Uber die Natur der Centrosomen. IV. Fischer, Jena. link.
  15. ^ Boveri, T. (1895). Ueber die Befruchtungs und Entwickelungsfahigkeit kernloser Seeigeleier und uber die Moglichkeit ihrer Bastardierung. Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. (Wilhelm Roux) 2, 394–443.
  16. ^ Engelmann, T. W. (1880). Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen. Pflugers Arch. 23, 505–535.
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  24. ^ Avidor-Reiss, T., Khire, A., Fishman, E. L., & Jo, K. H. (2015). Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 3, 21. Chicago
  25. ISBN 978-0-7817-3769-2
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  35. ^ Turner, K., N. Solanki, H.O. Salouha, and T. Avidor-Reiss. 2022. Atypical Centriolar Composition Correlates with Internal Fertilization in Fish. Cells. 11:758, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/5/758
  36. ^ Khanal, S., M.R. Leung, A. Royfman, E.L. Fishman, B. Saltzman, H. Bloomfield-Gadelha, T. Zeev-Ben-Mordehai, and T. Avidor-Reiss. 2021. A dynamic basal complex modulates mammalian sperm movement. Nat Commun. 12:3808.. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24011-0

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