Century 21 Exposition

Coordinates: 47°37′17″N 122°21′03″W / 47.62139°N 122.35083°W / 47.62139; -122.35083
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1962 Seattle
Century 21 Exposition logo
Overview
BIE-classUniversal exposition
CategorySecond category General Exposition
NameCentury 21 Exposition
MottoLiving in the Space Age
Building(s)Space Needle and Washington State Pavilion
Area74 acres (30 hectares)
Invention(s)Bubbleator, Friendship 7
Visitors9,609,969
Organized byEdward E. Carlson
Participant(s)
Countries24
Location
CountryUnited States
CitySeattle
VenueBroad Street
Coordinates47°37′17″N 122°21′03″W / 47.62139°N 122.35083°W / 47.62139; -122.35083
Timeline
Bidding1955
OpeningApril 21, 1962
ClosureOctober 21, 1962
Universal expositions
PreviousExpo 58 in Brussels
NextExpo 67 in Montreal

The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington, United States.[1][2] Nearly 10 million people attended the fair during its six-month run.[3]

As planned, the exposition left behind a fairground and numerous public buildings and public works; some credit it with revitalizing Seattle's economic and cultural life (see

History of Seattle since 1940).[4] The fair saw the construction of the Space Needle and Alweg monorail, as well as several sports venues (Washington State Coliseum, now Climate Pledge Arena) and performing arts buildings (the Playhouse, now the Cornish Playhouse), most of which have since been replaced or heavily remodeled. Unlike some other world's fairs of its era, Century 21 made a profit.[3]

Aerial photograph of the Space Needle in 2003 decorated for Memorial Day

The site, slightly expanded since the fair, is now called Seattle Center; the United States Science Pavilion is now the Pacific Science Center. Another notable Seattle Center building, the Museum of Pop Culture (earlier called EMP Museum), was built nearly 40 years later and designed to fit in with the fairground atmosphere.

Planning and funding

Seattle mayor Allan Pomeroy is credited with bringing the World's Fair to the city. He recruited community and business leaders, as well as running a petition campaign, in the early 1950s to convince the city council to approve an $8.5 million bond issue to build the opera house and sports center needed to attract the fair. Eventually the council approved a $7.5 million bond issue with the state of Washington matching that amount.[5]

Cold War and Space Race context

The fair was originally conceived at a Washington Athletic Club luncheon in 1955 to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, but it soon became clear that that date was too ambitious. With the Space Race underway and Boeing having "put Seattle on the map"[6] as "an aerospace city",[7] a major theme of the fair was to show that "the United States was not really 'behind' the Soviet Union in the realms of science and space". As a result, the themes of space, science, and the future completely trumped the earlier conception of a "Festival of the [American] West".[6]

In June 1960, the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) certified Century 21 as a world's fair.[8] Project manager Ewen Dingwall went to Moscow to request Soviet participation, but was turned down. Neither the People's Republic of China, Vietnam nor North Korea were invited.[8]

As it happened, the Cold War had an additional effect on the fair. President John F. Kennedy was supposed to attend the closing ceremony of the fair on October 21, 1962. He bowed out, pleading a "heavy cold"; it later became public that he was dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis.[9]

The fair's vision of the future displayed a technologically based optimism that did not anticipate any dramatic social change, one rooted in the 1950s rather than in the cultural tides that would emerge in the 1960s. Affluence, automation, consumerism, and American power would grow; social equity would simply take care of itself on a rising tide of abundance; the human race would master nature through technology rather than view it in terms of ecology.[6] In contrast, 12 years later—even in far more conservative Spokane, Washington—Expo '74 took environmentalism as its central theme. The theme of Spokane's Expo '74 was "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment.".[10]

Buildings and grounds

Aerial view of the fairgrounds in 1962
Map showing major features of the grounds

Once the fair idea was conceived, several sites were considered. Among the sites considered within Seattle were

Downtown than the site finally selected, but far more densely developed. Two sites south of the city proper were considered—Midway, near Des Moines, and the Army Depot in Auburn—as was a site east of the city on the south shore of Lake Sammamish.[8]

1960 map of what became the grounds of the Century 21 Exposition

The site finally selected for the Century 21 Exposition had originally been contemplated for a civic center. The idea of using it for the world's fair came later and brought in federal money for the United States Science Pavilion (now Pacific Science Center) and state money for the Washington State Coliseum (later Seattle Center Coliseum; renamed KeyArena in 1993 after the city sold naming rights to KeyCorp, the company doing business as KeyBank; renamed

Montlake neighborhood.[15] The Warren Avenue School, a public elementary school with several programs for physically handicapped students, was torn down, its programs dispersed, and provided most of the site of the Coliseum (now Climate Pledge Arena).[16] Near the school, some of the city's oldest houses, apartments, and commercial buildings were torn down; they had been run down to the point of being known as the "Warren Avenue slum".[17] The old Fire Station No. 4 was also sacrificed.[18]

As early as the 1909

High School Memorial Stadium),[19][20] all built in 1927 had been placed there based on that plan, as was an armory (the Food Circus during the fair, later Center House).[12]

Cover of the United States Science Exhibit Guide for the Seattle World's Fair, United States Department of Commerce

The fair planners also sought two other properties near the southwest corner of the grounds. They failed completely to make any inroads with the Seattle Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church, who had recently built Sacred Heart Church there; they did a bit better with the

Freemasons' Nile Temple, which they were able to use for the duration of the fair and which then returned to its previous use.[21] It served as the site of the Century 21 Club. This membership organization, formed especially for the fair, charged $250 for membership and offered lounge, dining room, and other club facilities, as well as a gate pass for the duration of the fair. The city ended up leasing the property after the fair and in 1977 bought it from the Masons. The building was eventually incorporated into a theater complex including the Seattle Children's Theatre.[22]

World Trade Center.[23][24] Victor Steinbrueck and John Graham, Jr. designed the Space Needle. Hideki Shimizu and Kazuyuki Matsushita designed the original International Fountain.[18] Despite the plan to build a permanent civic center, more than half the structures built for the fair were torn down more or less immediately after it ended.[2] One attempt to conserve installations from Century 21 was the creation of a replica "welcoming pole," a number of which originally stood tall over the southern entrance to the fair. This replica stood outside the Washington State Capital Museum until 1990, when it was taken down.[25]

The grounds of the fair were divided into:

Source:[26]

Besides the

Puyallup Fairgrounds in 1980.[28]

World of Science

The Federal Science Pavilion, "a virtual cathedral of science".[24]

The World of Science centered on the United States Science Exhibit. It also included a NASA Exhibit that included models and mockups of various satellites, as well as the Project Mercury capsule that had carried Alan Shepard into space.[29] These exhibits were the federal government's major contribution to the fair.[7][12]

The United States Science Exhibit began with

Milky Way Galaxy and beyond. Further exhibits presented the scientific method and the "horizons of science". This last looked at "Science and the individual", "Control of man's physical surroundings", "Science and the problem of world population", and "Man's concept of his place in an increasingly technological world".[29]

World of Century 21

The Washington State Coliseum, financed by the state of Washington, was one of Thiry's own architectural contributions to the fairgrounds. His original conception had been staging the entire fair under a single giant air-conditioned tent-like structure, "a city of its own", but there were neither the budgets nor the tight agreements on concept to realize that vision. In the end, he got exactly enough of a budget to design and build a 160,000-square-foot (15,000 m2) building suitable to hold a variety of exhibition spaces and equally suitable for later conversion to a sports arena and convention facility.[12]

Pavilion of Electric Power

During the festival, the building hosted several exhibits. Nearly half of its surface area was occupied by the state's own circular exhibit "Century 21—The Threshold and the Threat", also known as the "World of Tomorrow" exhibit, billed as a "21-minute tour of the future". The building also housed exhibits by France,

Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), General Motors (GM), the American Library Association (ALA), and RCA, as well as a Washington state tourist center.[30]

In "The Threshold and the Threat", visitors rode a "Bubbleator" into the "world of tomorrow". Music "from another world" and a shifting pattern of lights accompanied them on a 40-second upward journey to a starry space bathed in golden light. Then they were faced briefly with an image of a desperate family in a fallout shelter, which vanished and was replaced by a series of images reflecting the sweep of history, starting with the Acropolis and ending with an image of Marilyn Monroe.[30]

Next, visitors were beckoned into a cluster of cubes containing a model of a "city of the future" (which a few landmarks clearly indicated as Seattle) and its suburban and rural surroundings, seen first by day and later by night. The next cluster of cubes zoomed in on a vision of a high-tech, future home in a sylvan setting (and a commuter

gyrocopter); a series of projections contrasted this "best of the future" to "the worst of the present" (over-uniform suburbs, a dreary urban housing project).[30]

GM's Firebird III

The exhibit continued with a vision of future transportation (centered on a monorail and high-speed "air cars" on an electrically controlled highway). There was also an "office of the future", a climate-controlled "farm factory", an automated offshore kelp and plankton harvesting farm, a vision of the schools of the future with "electronic storehouses of knowledge", and a vision of the many recreations that technology would free humans to pursue.[30]

Finally, the tour ended with a symbolic sculptural tree and the reappearance of the family in the fallout shelter and the sound of a ticking clock, a brief silence, an extract from President Kennedy's Inaugural Address, followed by a further "symphony of music and color".[30]

Under the same roof, the ALA exhibited a "library of the future" (centered on a

Univac computer). GM exhibited its vision for highways and vehicles of the future (the latter including the Firebird III). Pan Am exhibited a giant globe that emphasized the notion that we had come to be able to think of distances between major world cities in hours and minutes rather than in terms of chancy voyages over great distances. RCA (which produced "The Threshold and the Threat") exhibited television, radio, and stereo technology, as well as its involvement in space. The French government had an exhibit with its own take on technological progress. Finally, a Washington state tourist center provided information for fair-goers wishing to tour the state.[31]

World of Commerce and Industry

The World of Commerce and Industry was divided into domestic and foreign areas. The former was sited mainly south of American Way (the continuation of Thomas Street through the grounds), an area it shared with the World of Science.[32] It included the Space Needle and what is now the Broad Street Green and Mural Amphitheater.[14] The Hall of Industry and some smaller buildings were immediately north of American Way.[33] The latter included 15 governmental exhibitors and surrounded the World of Tomorrow and extended to the north edge of the fair.[34]

Among the features of Domestic Commerce and Industry, the massive Interiors, Fashion, and Commerce Building spread for 500 feet (150 m)—nearly the entire Broad Street side of the grounds—with exhibits ranging from 32 separate furniture companies to the

AT&T Inc.) exhibit was featured in a short film called "Century 21 Calling...",[37] which was later shown on Mystery Science Theater 3000.[38] There were also several religious pavilions.[35] Near the center of all this was Seattle artist Paul Horiuchi's massive mosaic mural, the region's largest work of art at the time, which now forms the backdrop of Seattle Center's Mural Amphitheater.[35]

DuPen Fountain and the Canada Building

Foreign exhibits included a science and technology exhibit by Great Britain, while Mexico and Peru focused on handicrafts, and Japan and India attempted to show both of these sides of their national cultures. The

European Economic Community; and a joint pavilion by those countries of Africa that had by then achieved independence. Sweden's exhibit included the story of the salvaging of a 17th-century man-of-war from Stockholm harbor, and San Marino's exhibit featured its postage stamps and pottery. Near the center of this was the DuPen Fountain featuring three sculptures by Seattle artist Everett DuPen.[39]

World of Art

Ingres' Oedipus and the Sphinx was among the works displayed in the Fine Arts Pavilion.

The Fine Arts Pavilion (later the Exhibition Hall) brought together an art exhibition unprecedented for the

Toulouse-Lautrec, Monet, and Turner to Klee, Braque, and Picasso, with no shortage of other comparably famous artists represented.[40]

Igor Stravinsky

A separate gallery presented Northwest Coast Indian art, and featured a series of large paintings by Bill Holm introducing Northwest Native motifs.[41]

World of Entertainment

A US$15 million performing-arts program at the fair ranged from a

Intiman Playhouse.[43] When the Intiman Theatre became financially unstable, Cornish College of the Arts took over the lease from the city of Seattle, and now operates it as the Cornish Playhouse at Seattle Center.[44]

Opera House performances

Scheduled groups performing at the Opera House included: Source:[45]

Date (all dates are 1962) Act
April 21 Opening Night:
Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by guest conductor Igor Stravinsky with Van Cliburn
as a guest soloist
April 22–25 The Ed Sullivan Show, live telecasts
April 20 – May 5 Dunninger the Mentalist
May 6 The Littlest Circus
May 8–12 The San Francisco Ballet
May 13 Science Fiction Panel including Ray Bradbury and Rod Serling
May 15–16 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, with guest soloists Isaac Stern, Adele Addison, and Albert DaCosta
May 17–19 Victor Borge
May 22 Theodore Bikel
May 24–25 The Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy
May 29 – June 3 The
Shakespeare
performances)
June 7, June 9,
June 11		 Seattle Symphony production of
Sandor Konya, Irene Dalis, Robert Merrill, and Jan Rubeš
June 10 Josh White
June 17 Norwegian Chorus and Dancers
June 18–19 Ukrainian State Dance Company (U.S. premiere)
June 22–23 International Gospel Quartets
July 8 SPEBSQSA Barbershop Quartet Song Fest
July 9–14 Bayanihan Dancers of the Philippines
July 24 – August 4 New York City Ballet Company
August 27 – September 2
Ballet Folklorico de Mexico
September 10 CBC Vancouver Chamber Orchestra
September 18–23 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (Gilbert and Sullivan operettas)
September 25–30 Rapsodia Romîna: Romanian National Folk Ensemble and Barbu Lăutaru Orchestra of Bucharest (U.S. premiere)
October 2–7 Uday Shankar Dancers
October 8–13 Foo-Hsing Theater (Republic of China), youth Chinese opera
October 14 U.S. Marine Corps Band
October 16–17 Seattle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Milton Katims, world premiere of new work by Gerald Kechley

Other performances

Marty Krofft displays the puppets of Les Poupées de Paris
backstage

Events and performances at the Playhouse included Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre; a chamber music performance by Isaac Stern, Milton Katims, Leonard Rose, Eugene Istomin, the Claiborne Brothers gospel quartet, and the Juilliard String Quartet; two appearances by newsman Edward R. Murrow; Bunraku theater; Richard Dyer-Bennet; Hal Holbrook's solo show as Mark Twain; the Count Basie and Benny Goodman jazz orchestras; Lawrence Welk; Nat King Cole; and Ella Fitzgerald. Also during the fair, Memorial Stadium hosted the Ringling Brothers Circus, Tommy Bartlett's Water Ski Sky and Stage Show, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans' Western Show, and an appearance by evangelist Billy Graham.[46]

The fair and the city were the setting of the Elvis Presley movie It Happened at the World's Fair (1963), with a young Kurt Russell making his first screen appearance. Location shooting began on September 4 and concluded nearly two weeks later. The film would be released the following spring, long after the fair had ended.

Show Street

At the northeast corner of the grounds (now the

adult entertainment" portion of the fair. Attractions included Gracie Hansen's Paradise International (a Vegas-style floor show (rivalled next door by LeRoy Prinz's "Backstage USA")), Sid and Marty Krofft's adults-only puppet show, Les Poupées de Paris, and (briefly, until it was shut down) a show featuring naked "Girls of the Galaxy".[47][48] Tamer entertainment came in forms such as the Paris Spectacular wax museum, an elaborate Japanese Village, and the Hawaiian Pavilion.[48]

Other sections of the fair

A commemorative postage stamp
Gayway
The Gayway was a small amusement park; after the fair it became the Fun Forest.
black lights and glow paint.[49] In 2011, the Fun Forest was shut down and the Chihuly Garden and Glass opened in its place.[50]
Boulevards of the World
Boulevards of the World was "the shopping center of the fair". It also included the Plaza of the States and the original version of the International Fountain.[51]
Exhibit Fair
The Exhibit Fair provided another shopping district under the north stands of Memorial Stadium.[52]
Food and Favors
"Food and Favors", officially one of the "areas" of the fair, simply encompassed the various restaurants, food stands, etc., scattered throughout the grounds. These ranged from vending machines and food stands to the Eye of the Needle (atop the Space Needle) and the private Century 21 Club.[53]
Food Circus
The Food Circus was a
Jones' Fantastic Show, the Jules Charbneau World of Miniatures, and the Pullen Klondike Museum.[55]

Promotional video

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Official Guide Book, cover and passim.
  2. ^ a b c Guide to the Seattle Center Grounds Photograph Collection: April, 1963 Archived March 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  3. ^ a b Joel Connelly, Century 21 introduced Seattle to its future Archived September 14, 2012, at archive.today, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 16, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  4. ^ Regina Hackett, City's arts history began a new chapter in '62 Archived May 27, 2012, at archive.today, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 29, 2002. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  5. ^ "The Fair that Launched the Future". Seattle.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c Lesson Twenty-five: The Impact of the Cold War on Washington: The 1962 Seattle World's Fair Archived January 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Berger, Knute (October 3, 2007). "How Sputnik 'beeped' Seattle into the 21st century". Crosscut. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  8. ^ a b c d Sharon Boswell and Lorraine McConaghy, A model for the future Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Seattle Times, September 22, 1996. Accessed online October 20, 2007.
  9. HistoryLink.org Essay 967, March 15, 1999. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Archived November 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Lesson Twenty-six: Spokane's Expo '74: A World's Fair for the Environment Archived December 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, HSTAA 432: History of Washington State and the Pacific Northwest], Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington. Accessed online April 9, 2011.
  11. ^
    HistoryLink.org. Accessed online October 18, 2007. Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ a b c d Interview with Paul Thiry Conducted by Meredith Clausen at the Artist's home September 15 & 16, 1983 Archived July 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian, Archives of American Art. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  13. ^ Summary for 305 Harrison ST / Parcel ID 1985200003 / Inv # CTR004 Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  14. ^ a b c d Campus Walking Tour / Narrative for Seattle Center Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Center. Accessed online October 19, 2007.
  15. ^ Dorothea Mootafes, Theodora Dracopoulos Argue, Paul Plumis, Perry Scarlatos, Peggy Falangus Tramountanas, eds., A History of Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church and Her People, Saint Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church, 2007 (1996). p. 112.
  16. OCLC 54019052. Republished online by HistoryLink by permission of the Seattle Public School District: "Seattle Public Schools, 1862-2000: Warren Avenue School", HistoryLink
    , Seattle: History Ink, September 12, 2013
  17. ^ Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement Archived June 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 22. Accessed online July 24, 2008.
  18. ^ a b Lentz and Sheridan, 2005, p. 23.
  19. ^ High-School-Memorial-Stadium Archived May 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle City Clerk's Thesaurus. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  20. ^ Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, Queen Anne Historic Context Statement Archived June 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 18. Accessed online July 24, 2008. Source for the 1927 date.
  21. ISBN 0-385-01875-4
    .
  22. ^ "Summary for 201 Thomas St". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  23. ^ Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair Archived June 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, HistoryLink.org essay 2290, April 18, 2000. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  24. ^ a b Walt Crowley, Yamasaki, Minoru (1912–1986), Seattle-born architect of New York's World Trade Center Archived October 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, HistoryLink.org Essay 5352, March 3, 2003. Accessed online October 18, 2007.
  25. ^ Ross, Deb. "Century 21 "welcoming pole" | Olympia Historical Society and Bigelow House Museum". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  26. ^ Official Guide Book, Map, pp. 4–5.
  27. ^ Official Guide Book, p. 115.
  28. ^ Lisa Zigweid. Galaxy/Wild Mouse, Fun Forest, Seattle, WA Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Defunct Coasters, Roller Coasters of the Pacific Northwest. Accessed online November 18, 2007.
  29. ^ a b Official Guide Book, pp. 8–24.
  30. ^ a b c d e Official Guide Book, pp. 26–34.
  31. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 35–40.
  32. ^ Official Guide Book, p. 42.
  33. ^ Official Guide Book, Map p. 43.
  34. ^ Official Guide Book, p. 42, Map p. 71.
  35. ^ a b c d Official Guide Book, pp. 45–68.
  36. ^ "Wood in the Space Age: Forest Products at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair". Forest History Society. April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  37. ^ The Internet Archive offers "Century 21 Calling..." online. Accessed October 19, 2007.
  38. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000, "Episode #906: Space Children".
  39. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 70–84.
  40. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 88–95.
  41. ^ Official Guide Book, p. 96.
  42. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 98–99.
  43. ^ Summary for 201 Mercer ST / Parcel ID 1988200440 / Inv # CTR008 Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Accessed online October 19, 2007.
  44. ^ Jacobson, Lynn (May 6, 2013). "New name, same theater at Seattle Center". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  45. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 100–103.
  46. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 104–109.
  47. ^ Alan J. Stein, Century 21 – The 1962 Seattle World's Fair, Part 2 Archived November 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, HistoryLink.org Essay 2291, April 19, 2000. Accessed October 20, 2007.
  48. ^ a b Official Guide Book, pp. 110–114.
  49. ^ "Seattle Times - Flight to Mars amusement ride was rite of passage". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  50. ^ Ho, Vanessa (September 3, 2013). "Seattle Center Fun Forest: Remember these rides?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  51. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 119–131.
  52. ^ Official Guide Book, p. 133.
  53. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 135–136.
  54. ^ Official Guide Book, pp. 137–139.
  55. ^ Stanton H. Patty (October 4, 1963). "Center's triple header: Three new museums to open". Seattle Times.

References

  • Official Guide Book: Seattle World's Fair 1962, Acme Publications: Seattle (1962)

External links

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