Cephalaspidea
Headshield slugs | |
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A live individual of Chelidonura varians in the family Aglajidae, head end towards the lower left | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
Cohort: | Tectipleura |
Order: | Cephalaspidea |
Superfamilies | |
See text |
The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major
Members of this worldwide clade used to be considered the most ancestral of the
Headshield slugs are the most morphologically diverse group of all the opisthobranchs.[citation needed]
Anatomy
The vast majority possess a shell, although it may be reduced or internal. They have a well-developed headshield, a characteristic broadening at the head, which is used to plow beneath the surface of the sand. This headshield prevents the sand entering the mantle cavity. There is a muscular foot with or without parapodia (fleshy wing-like flaps).
Headshield slugs often live just beneath the surface of the sand and can also be seen crawling on rocks. They have well-developed
Members of the brightly colored genus Chelidonura also have well-developed eyes on the anterior end of the head and bundles of sensory cilia around the mouth. With these cilia they are able to track their prey by following the victim's mucous trail.
The Hancock's organ is a chemosensory organ situated between the foot and the headshield. It plays a role in olfactory and sensory detection. It is visible as a dark brown pit at the base of the right rhinophore.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the shelled cephalaspideans, the bubble snails, like that of many shelled mollusks, used to be based very simply on shell characteristics. But because there are some similarities in shell morphology throughout this group, more recently taxonomists have taken other anatomical characteristics into consideration, such as the radula, gizzard, penis, and Hancock's organ.
In 2015 a new study based on molecular phylogenetics has changed significantly the taxonomy of the Cephalaspidea.) are reinstated as valid
Linnaean taxonomy
- Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
- Superfamily Acteonoidea D'Orbigny, 1835
- Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
- Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931 – These are now included in the suborder Sacoglossa
- Superfamily Diaphanoidea Odhner, 1914
- Superfamily Haminoeoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Philinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
- Superfamily RingiculoideaPhilippi, 1853
2005 taxonomy
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the clade Cephalaspidea is arranged as follows:
- Superfamily Bullidae
- Superfamily Notodiaphanidae,
- Superfamily Smaragdinellidae
- Superfamily Plusculidae and Retusidae
- Superfamily Runcinoidea: families Runcinidae and Ilbiidae
The superfamily Acteonoidea has been included into the new Informal Group "Lower Heterobranchia" and the superfamily Cylindrobulloidea becomes part of the Group Cylindrobullida.
2009 taxonomy
Malaquias et al. (2009)[5] have rearranged taxonomy of Cephalaspidea sensu lato:
- reinstated Architectibranchia[5]
- reinstated Runcinacea as a valid name outside Cephalaspidea.[5]
- reinstated Scaphandridae as a valid family.[5]
- they did not use superfamilies in the classification scheme.
The taxonomy of Cephalaspidea
Architectibranchia Haszprunar, 1985
- Family Acteonidae d'Orbigny, 1843 – Acteon, Mexacteon, Pupa
- Family Aplustridae Gray, 1847 – Hydatina, Micromelo
- Family BullinidaeGray, 1850 incertae sedis
- Family Ringiculidae Philippi, 1853 incertae sedis
- Family NotodiaphanidaeThiele, 1931 incertae sedis
- Family Runcinidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 – Runcina
- Family Ilbiidae Burn, 1963 incertae sedis
Cephalaspidea Fischer, 1887 – This means Cephalaspidea
- Family Diaphanidae Odhner, 1914 – Diaphana, genus Colpodaspis is incertae sedis
- Family Cylichnidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 – Cylichna
- Family Scaphandridae G. O Sars, 1878 – Scaphander
- Family Retusidae Thiele, 1925 – Retusa, Pyrunculus
- Family Rhizoridae Dell, 1952 – Volvulella
- Family Bullidae Gray, 1827 – Bulla
- Family Philinidae Gray, 1850 – Philine
- Family Aglajidae Pilsbry, 1895–96 – Aglaja, Chelidonura, Navanax, Odontoglaja, Philinopsis
- Family Philinoglossidae Hertling, 1932 – Philinoglossa
- Family Gastropteridae Swainson, 1840 – Gastropteron, Sagaminopteron, Siphopteron
- Family PlusculidaeOdhner, 1968 incertae sedis
- Family Haminoeidae Pilsbry, 1893 – Atys, Haminoea, Phanerophthalmus, Smaragdinella, Ventomnestia incertae sedis
- Family BullactidaeThiele, 1826 incertae sedis
2010 taxonomy
Subsequently, Malaquias (2010)[6] moved Bullacta exarata (formerly the only member of Bullactidae) into the family Haminoeidae.[6]
Jörger et al. (2010)
2015 taxonomy
The publication by Oskars T.R., Bouchet P. & Malaquias M.A. (2015). A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers. in the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89 came to the following conclusion, with the creation of new families[3]
- Acteocinidae Dall, 1913 – type genus: ActeocinaGray, 1847
- Alacuppidae Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015 – type genus: Alacuppa Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015
- Mnestiidae Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015 – type genus: Mnestia H. Adams and A. Adams, 1854
- Colpodaspididae Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015 – type genus: Colpodaspis M. Sars, 1870
- Colinatydidae Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015 – type genus: ColinatysOrtea, Moro and Espinosa, 2013
- Philinorbidae Oskars, Bouchet, and Malaquias, 2015 – type genus: Philinorbis Habe, 1950
- Laonidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954 (formerly Laoninae) – type genus: Laona A. Adams, 1865
- [unassigned] Cephalaspidea (temporary name) with the genera Iredale, 1936.
The superfamily
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Bullidae).
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Couple of Siphopteron quadrispinosum (Gastropteridae).
References
- ^ .
- ISBN 0-86318-811-7.
- ^ a b c Oskars T.R., Bouchet P. & Malaquias M.A. (2015). A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89: 130-150
- ^ H. Wägele, A. Klussmann-Kolb, E. Verbeek, M. Schrödl, Flashback and foreshadowing – a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia; Org. Divers. Evol., 14 (2014), pp. 133–149
- ^ .
- ^ .