Cephalization
Cephalization is an
Animals without bilateral symmetry
Bilateria
Cephalization is a characteristic feature of the
Acoela
The Acoela are basal bilaterians, part of the Xenacoelomorpha. They are small and simple animals, and have very slightly more nerve cells at the head end than elsewhere, not forming a distinct and compact brain. This represents an early stage in cephalization.[4]
Flatworms
The
Complex active bodies
The philosopher Michael Trestman noted that three bilaterian phyla, namely the arthropods, the molluscs in the shape of the cephalopods, and the chordates, were distinctive in having "complex active bodies", something that the acoels and flatworms did not have. Any such animal, whether predator or prey, has to be aware of its environment—to catch its prey, or to evade its predators. These groups are exactly those that are most highly cephalized.[5][6] These groups, however, are not closely related: in fact, they represent widely separated branches of the Bilateria, as shown on the phylogenetic tree; their lineages split hundreds of millions of years ago. Other (less cephalized) phyla are not shown, for clarity.[7][8][9]
Planulozoa |
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680 mya |
Arthropods
In
Cephalopods
Vertebrates
Cephalization in
See also
References
- ISBN 9780190456757.
Ocelli located at the base of the many tentacles represent one input to the B system, whereas the neurons of the O system are directly photosensitive. Many hydromedusae have ocelli of different levels of complexity (Singla, 1974). In addition, other marginal sensory structures associated with the outer nerve ring include statocysts (Singla, 1975), and mechanoreceptors, such as the tactile combs of Aglantha, which are located at the tentacle bases, and can activate the escape swimming circuitry (Arkett & Mackie, 1988; Mackie, 2004b).
- ^ "Trends in evolution". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- )
- ^ )
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- Wikidata Q24614721.
- ^ "Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration". Fossil Calibration Database. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-94-007-7413-1.
- ISBN 978-1-133-17032-7.
- S2CID 39290007.
- PMID 25903628.
- (paper). 516 (7530): 171. 11 December 2014.