Cerulean

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Cerulean (disambiguation).

Cerulean as a
quaternary color
on the RYB color wheel
  blue
  cerulean
  teal
Cerulean
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(48, 56, 234°)
SourceMaerz and Paul[1]
ISCC–NBS descriptorStrong greenish blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Cerulean (RGB)
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(39, 134, 264°)
Source[Unsourced]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Cerulean (/səˈruːliən/), also spelled caerulean, is a variety of the hue of blue that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of cerulean as a colour name in English was in 1590.[1] The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".[2]

"Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green pigment consisting of cobalt stannate (Co
2SnO
4). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in oil paint.[3]

Cerulean Blue
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(38, 90, 260°)
SourceMaerz and Paul[4]
ISCC–NBS descriptorVivid blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Pigment characteristics

The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (Co
2SnO
4).[5][6][7] The pigment is a greenish-blue color. In watercolor, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in oil paint, it loses this quality.[8]

Today, cobalt

chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener[a] than the cobalt stannate version.[b] The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".[9][10]

Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both watercolor and acrylic.[11]

  • Cerulean blue PB35
    Cerulean blue PB35
  • A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
    A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
  • Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.
    Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.

History

Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted cobalt and tin oxides together.[12][13] Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of Cölinblau.[citation needed] It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.[3]

In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue.

sulphate of lime." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, bleu céleste (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, Max Doerner referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, through ceruleum is still used.[3]

Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the

cadmium yellow, and white.[14]

Notable occurrences

In 1877, Monet had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series La Gare Saint-Lazare (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include cobalt and cerulean blue, with some areas of ultramarine. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace Prussian blue, which may not have been popular by this time."[15]

Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.[16]

When the United Nations was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer Oliver Lundquist stated that he chose the color because it was "the opposite of red, the color of war."[17]

In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain Marian feast days, primarily the Immaculate Conception in diocese currently or formerly under the Spanish Crown.[18]

Other colour variations

Pale cerulean

Cerulean (Pantone)
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(72, 33, 242°)
SourcePantone TPX[19]
ISCC–NBS descriptorPale blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "colour of the millennium".[20]

The source of this colour is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.[21]

Cerulean (Crayola)

Cerulean (Crayola)
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(65, 64, 226°)
SourceCrayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorBrilliant greenish blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called cerulean by

Crayola crayons
.

Cerulean frost

Cerulean Frost
 
Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptorLight blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured

Silver Swirls
, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Curious Blue

Curious Blue
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(61, 65, 233°)
Source[1]
ISCC–NBS descriptorModerate cerulean
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colors of cerulean.

In nature

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Rex Art colour index PB 36
  2. ^ Rex Art colour index PB 35

References

  1. ^ a b Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6.
  2. ^ "cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  3. ^
    ISBN 9780750657495
    .
  4. ^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample L9.
  5. ^ "Cerulean blue - Overview". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Cerulean blue - History". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  7. ^ "cerulean blue". Cameo.mfa.org. Material name. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  8. ISBN 9780143131144
    .
  9. ^ "Blue". Paintmaking. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  10. ^ "Colormaking attributes". Handprint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  11. ^ Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.
  12. ISBN 9780750657495
    .
  13. ^ Höpfner, Albrecht (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens. 4: 41–47.
  14. ISBN 9780143131144
    .
  15. JSTOR 42616026
    .
  16. ^ Bomford, D.; Kirby, J.; Leighton, J.; Roy, A. (1990). Impressionism. Art in the Making. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 176–181.
  17. ISBN 9780143131144
    .
  18. ^ Shawn Tribe. "The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception". Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  19. ^ Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear.
  20. ^ PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue". PANTONE. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  21. ^ "- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool". Pantone.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

External links

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