Chagai-II

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Chagai-II
Information
CountryPakistan
Test siteKharan Desert
Period30 May 1998
Number of tests1
Test type
Underground tests
Device typeFission
Max. yield25 kilotons of TNT (100 TJ)[1][2]
Test chronology

Chagai-II is the

Ras Koh area in Chagai District
, Balochistan, Pakistan.

The initial goals were to test the new designs of the weapon rather than studying the effects, and were different from the first tests in that they were primarily conducted by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), with the Pakistan Armed Forces engineering formations having only a supporting role.[4]

The tests detonated

weapons-grade uranium devices.[4] The performance of these tests made it a total of six tests performed by Pakistan in May 1998.[4]

Test preparations

Selection and planning

The

mountainous desert, with very high temperatures.[5] The region is characterised by very low rainfall, high summer temperature, high velocity winds, poor soils, very sparse vegetation and a low diversity of plant species; its average temperature are recorded 55 °C (131 °F) in summer and 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) in winter session (sources vary).[3][6][7][8]

Safety and security required an isolated, remote, and

seismologist Dr. Ahsan Mubarak; it received final approval from Munir Ahmad in 1976.[10] Unlike the granite mountains, the PAEC requirement was to find a suitable site in a desert region with almost no wildlife to prevent any kind of mutation, and to study blast effects of the weapons.[11]

The weapon-testing sites were suspected to be located at

Ras Koh-Kharan were cordoned off, becoming restricted entry zones closed to the public.[12]

According to the PAEC, the weapon-testing labs were deeply crafted, L-shaped horizontal tunnels.[13] A close depiction can be seen in diagram d, e, and f. The tests left a crater as its mark, similar to the illustration above.

After PAEC officials clearing with Prime minister

Chief of Army Staff.[10] The PAEC officials readily agreed that the secondary tests would be scientific in nature with the armed forces playing the engineering roles.[10]

The Special Development Works (SDW), assisted by the

motion sensors, and monitoring stations were established inside the test site.[18] It took nearly 2–3 years for the SDW to prepare and preparations were completed in 1980, before Pakistan acquired the capability to physically develop an atomic bomb.[10]

After posting at the General Headquarters, Sarfraz transferred the work to Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, the Engineer-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers.[19] The modernisation of the tests labs were undertaken by the FWO; the FWO uncredited work in the construction of the weapon-testings labs in Kharan Desert, and had supervised the entire construction on the sites along with the SDW.[20]

Final preparations were overseen by then-Lieutenant-Colonel

Member (Technical) of PAEC.[12]

Test and blast yields

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) teams of scientists and engineers arrived at the site led by Dr.

atomic bomb was small in size but very efficient and produced a very powerful shock wave and blast yield.[4][21][22]

The devices were

kt of TNT equivalent.[12] Although the American Physical Society estimated the yield at 8 kilotons of TNT (33 TJ) based on data received by their computer,[2][23][24] Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan confirmed the TPG blast calculations in an interview in 1998.[1][25]

A crater now takes the place of what used to be a small hillock in the rolling desert, marking the ground zero of the nuclear test.[10] The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (or PAEC) had tested one or more plutonium nuclear devices, and the results and data of the devices were successful as was expected by the Pakistan's mathematicians and seismologists.[10][26]

Test teams

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

  • Member (Technical) at PAEC
    .
  • Hafeez Qureshi, Directorate of Technical Development (DTD)
  • Irfan Burney, Director of Directorate of Technical Procurement (DTP).
  • Tariq Salija, Director of the Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (RIAD).
  • Muhammad Jameel, Director of Directorate of Science and Engineering Services (DSES)
  • Muhammad Arshad, the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO).
  • Asghar Qadir, director, Theoretical Physics Group

Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Khan (2012, pp. 200–202)
  2. ^ a b Reed (2009, p. 258)
  3. ^ a b Planning & Development Department Government of Balochistan, Quetta (18 July 2011). "District Development Profile 2011: Kharan" (PDF). balochistan.gov.pk/. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mir, Hamid. "Interview with Samar Mubarakmand". pakdef.org/. PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005. Archived from the original on 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  5. ^ FAS. "Kharan Desert". fas.org/. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  6. ^ "Kharan documentary". Kharan documentary. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  7. ^ Pakistan 360. "Kharan Desert". pakistan360degrees.com/. Pakistan 360. Archived from the original on 2020-01-06. Retrieved 2015-06-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7
    .
  9. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 20–21)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (June 2000). "When Mountains Move". Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam. Karachi, Pakistan: The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal (2000). p. 1. Retrieved 2012-05-08.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Khan (2012, pp. 280–282)
  12. ^ a b c d e f Sublette, Carey (2 January 2002). "Historical Background: §Preparing to Build the Bomb". Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  13. ^ PAEC Govt. "The Weapon-Testing Laboratories: An illustration by PAEC". Government of Pakistan release. Retrieved 2012-09-07.[verification needed]
  14. ^ Khan (2012, pp. 183–184)
  15. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 25)
  16. ^ Khan (2012, pp. 184)
  17. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 24–25)
  18. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 26–27)
  19. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, §The nuclear development under Army: General Zahid Ali)
  20. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 28–30)
  21. ^ Shahid-ur-Rehman (1999, pp. 30–31)
  22. ^ Khan (2012, pp. 185–186)
  23. ^ Reed (2009, pp. 250–255)
  24. ISSN 0096-3402
    . Retrieved 2015-01-01.
  25. ^ Khan, Kamran (30 May 1998). "Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan". The News International. Islamabad. p. 1. Retrieved 2015-06-14 – via nuclearweaponarchive.org.
  26. ^ "Nuclear Tests:§The Plutonium Device". Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and Pakistan Atomic Scientists Foundation (PASF). 11 December 2002. Retrieved 2011-11-11.

External links

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