Chain pump
The chain pump is type of a water
In the Near East and Europe
The earliest evidence for this device is in a Babylonian text from about 700 B.C. They were commonly powered by humans or animals.[1] The device then appeared in ancient Egypt from about 200 B.C., featuring a pair of gear-wheels[dubious ].[2]
A version of the chain pump was used in Ancient Greek and Roman, sometimes with pots, or scoops fixed to the chain, which, as they passed over the top pulley, tipped the water out; a 2nd century example is preserved in London.[3] Philo of Byzantium wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.;[4] the historian Vitruvius mentioned them around 30 B.C. Fragments of the cogs, crank, and discs, of a Bilge pump, from a 1st Century Roman barge, were unearthed at Lake Nemi.[5][6]
Chain pumps were used in European mines during the
China
Chain pumps were also used in ancient China from at least the 1st century A.D. In China, they were also called dragon backbones.[8] One of the earliest accounts was a description by the Han Dynasty philosopher Wang Chong (A.D. 27–97) around A.D. 80.[9] Unlike those found in the West, chain pumps in China resembled the square-pallet type instead of the pear-shaped bucket[dubious ]. Illustrations of such Chinese chain pumps show them drawing water up a slanted channel. These were sometimes powered by hydraulics of a rushing current against a horizontal water wheel acting against a vertical wheel,[10] and others by a horizontal mechanical wheel acting upon a vertical wheel that was pulled by the labor of oxen[dubious ].[11] There were also square-pallet chain pumps operated by pedals.[12]
From the 1st century onwards, chain pumps were widespread throughout the Chinese countryside.
During the period of
From the 13th century onwards, the Chinese also used
The contribution of chain pumps to agricultural growth during the Song was extolled by poets such as Li Chuquan (李处权) of the twelfth century. The Song government actively spread the technology, introducing pumping equipment and chain pumps to those areas as yet unfamiliar with the technique.[19]
See also
Notes
- ^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China 4(2) (1965), p. 352.
- Donald Routledge Hill(1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, pp. 751–795 [771].
- ISBN 978-2-35613-295-6, retrieved 2021-11-03
- ^ "The chained pump of Philon (mangani)". kotsanas.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
- ^ Robinson, Damian. Maritime Archaeology and AncientTrade in the Mediterranean. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph. pp. 43–44.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 109.
- ^ G. Agricola, In Re Metallica, <page needed>.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 89, 110.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 344.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 342–343.
- ^ Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, p. 500.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 340–341.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 110.
- ^ a b Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 33.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 40.
- ISBN 0-8047-0876-2.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 558.
- ^ Song, 15.
- ISBN 0-8047-0876-2.
References
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 2, Agriculture. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
- Song, Yingxing, translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou-Chuan Sun (1966). T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.