C. Rajagopalachari
Tanguturi Prakasam | |
---|---|
Constituency | Leader of the State Legislative Council |
Personal details | |
Born | Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 10 December 1878 Thorapalli, Madras Presidency, British Raj |
Died | 25 December 1972 Madras, Tamil Nadu, India | (aged 94)
Resting place | Mootharignar Rajaji Ninaivaalayam |
Nationality | British Raj (1878-1947) India (1947-1972) |
Political party | Swatantra Party |
Other political affiliations | Indian National Congress (Until 1957) Indian National Democratic Congress (1957–1959) |
Spouse |
Alamelu Mangalamma
(m. 1897; died 1916) |
Relations | Tamil |
Notable works | Chakravarti Thirumugan (Ramayana)[1] Vyasar Virundhu (Mahabharata) Stories for the Innocent Hinduism; Doctrine and Way of Life |
Notable awards | Sahitya Akademi Award |
C. Rajagopalachari |
---|
|
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Rajagopalachari was born in the
Rajagopalachari was an accomplished writer who made lasting contributions to Indian English literature and is also credited with the composition of the song Kurai Onrum Illai set to Carnatic music. He pioneered temperance and temple entry movements in India and advocated Dalit upliftment. He has been criticized for introducing the compulsory study of Hindi and the Madras Scheme of Elementary Education in Madras State, dubbed by its critics as Hereditary Education Policy put forward to perpetuate caste hierarchy.[7] Critics have often attributed his pre-eminence in politics to his standing as a favourite of both Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Rajagopalachari was described by Gandhi as the "keeper of my conscience".
Early life
Rajagopalachari was born to Chakravarti Venkatarya Achari (Iyengar) and his wife Singaramma on 10 December 1878
A weak and sickly child, Rajagopalachari was a constant worry to his parents who feared that he might not live long.[13] As a young child, he was admitted to a village school in Thorapalli[13] then at the age of five moved with his family to Hosur where Rajagopalachari enrolled at Hosur R.V.Government Boys Higher Secondary School.[13] He passed his matriculation examinations in 1891 and graduated in arts from Central College, Bangalore in 1894.[13] Rajagopalachari also studied law at the Presidency College, Madras, from where he graduated in 1897.[14]
Rajagopalachari married Alamelu Mangalamma in 1897 [14] when she was ten years old[15] and she gave birth to her son a day after her thirteenth birthday.[16] The couple had five children, three sons: C. R. Narasimhan, C. R. Krishnaswamy, and C. R. Ramaswami, and two daughters: Lakshmi Gandhi (née Rajagopalachari) and Namagiri Ammal.[14][17] Mangamma died in 1916 whereupon Rajagopalachari took sole responsibility for the care of his children.[14] His son Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Narasimhan was elected to the Lok Sabha from Krishnagiri in the 1952 and 1957 elections and served as a member of parliament for Krishnagiri from 1952 to 1962.[18][19] He later wrote a biography of his father. Rajagopalachari's daughter Lakshmi married Devdas Gandhi, son of Mahatma Gandhi[14][20] while his grandsons include biographer Rajmohan Gandhi, philosopher Ramchandra Gandhi and former governor of West Bengal Gopalkrishna Gandhi.[21] Rajagopalachari's great-grandson, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Kesavan, is a spokesperson of the Congress Party and Trustee of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.[22]
Indian Independence Movement
Rajagopalachari's interest in public affairs and politics began when he commenced his legal practice in Salem in 1900.[23] At the age of 28, he joined the Indian National Congress and participated as a delegate in the 1906 Calcutta session.[13] Inspired by Indian independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[20] he later became a member of the Salem municipality in 1911.[24] In 1917, he was elected chairman of the municipality and served from 1917 to 1919[20][25] during which time he was responsible for the election of the first Dalit member of the Salem municipality. In 1917, he defended Indian independence activist P. Varadarajulu Naidu against charges of sedition[26] and two years later participated in the agitations against the Rowlatt Act.[25][27] Rajagopalachari was a close friend of the founder of Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company V. O. Chidambaram Pillai as well as greatly admired by Indian independence activists Annie Besant, Subramania Bharati and C. Vijayaraghavachariar.[citation needed]
After
In the early 1930s, Rajagopalachari emerged as one of the major leaders of the
Madras Presidency 1937–39
The Indian National Congress first came to power in the
In 1938, when Dalit members of the
He also introduced prohibition,[14][37] along with a sales tax to compensate for the loss of government revenue that resulted from the ban on alcohol.[38] The Provincial Government shut down hundreds of government-run primary schools, citing lack of funds.[39] His opponents said that this deprived many low-caste and Dalit students of their education. His opponents also attributed casteist motives to his government's implementation of Gandhi's Nai Talim scheme[40] into the education system.[39]
Rajagopalachari's tenure as
In 1940, Congress ministers resigned in protest over the declaration of war on Germany without their consent, leaving the governor to take over the reins of the administration. On 21 February 1940, the unpopular new law on the use of Hindi was quickly repealed by the Governor of Madras.[42] Despite its numerous shortcomings, Madras under Rajagopalachari was still considered by political historians as the best-administered province in British India.[45]
Second World War
Some months after the outbreak of the
Following the end of the war in 1945, elections followed in the Madras Presidency in 1946. During the last years of the war, Kamaraj was requested by Nehru,
Rajagopalachari was instrumental in initiating negotiations between Gandhi and Jinnah.[25] In 1944, he proposed a solution to the Indian Constitutional tangle.[25] In the same year, he proposed an "absolute majority" threshold of 55 per cent when deciding whether a district should become part of India or Pakistan,[48] triggering a huge controversy among nationalists.[48]
From 1946 to 1947, Rajagopalachari served as the Minister for Industry, Supply, Education, and Finance in the Interim Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru.[25]
Governor of West Bengal 1947–1948
When India and Pakistan attained independence, the province of Bengal was partitioned into two, with
Disliked by the Bengali political class for his criticism of Subhas Chandra Bose during the 1939 Tripuri Congress session,[51] Rajagopalachari's appointment as Governor of West Bengal was protested by Bose's brother Sarat Chandra Bose.[51] During his tenure as governor, Rajagopalachari's priorities were to deal with refugees and to bring peace and stability in the aftermath of the Calcutta riots.[51] He declared his commitment to neutrality and justice at a meeting of Muslim businessmen: "Whatever may be my defects or lapses, let me assure you that I shall never disfigure my life with any deliberate acts of injustice to any community whatsoever."[51] Rajagopalachari was also strongly opposed to proposals to include areas from Bihar and Odisha as part of the province of West Bengal.[51] One such proposal by the editor of a newspaper led to the reply:
"I see that you are not able to restrain the policy of agitation over inter-provincial boundaries. It is easy to yield to the current pressure of opinion and it is difficult to impose on enthusiastic people any policy of restraint. But I earnestly plead that we should do all we can to prevent ill-will from hardening into a chronic disorder. We have enough ill-will and prejudice to cope with. Must we hasten to create further fissiparous forces?"[51]
Despite the general attitude of the Bengali political class, Rajagopalachari was highly regarded and respected by Chief Minister Prafulla Chandra Ghosh and his ministry.[48]
Governor-General of India 1948–1950
From 10 until 24 November 1947, Rajagopalachari served as Acting
By the end of 1949, an assumption was made that Rajagopalachari, already Governor-General, would continue as president.[55] Backed by Nehru, Rajagopalachari wanted to stand for the presidential election but later withdrew,[55][56] due to the opposition of a section of the Indian National Congress mostly made up of North Indians who were concerned about Rajagopalachari's non-participation during the Quit India Movement.[55][57][58][59]
Role in Constituent Assembly
He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India from Madras. He was a part of Advisory Committee and Sub-Committee on Minorities.[60] He debated on issues relating to rights of religious denominations.[61][62]
In Nehru's Cabinet
At Nehru's invitation, in 1950, Rajagopalachari joined the Union Cabinet as
By the end of 1951, the differences between Nehru and Rajagopalachari came to the fore.
Madras State 1952–1954
In the
On 3 July 1952, Rajagopalachari was then able to prove that he had a majority in the assembly by luring
During Rajagopalachari's tenure as Chief Minister, a powerful movement for a separate
On 7 June 1952, Rajagopalachari ended the procurement policy and food rationing in the state, abolishing all price and quota controls.[88] His decision was a rejection of a planned economy in favour of a free market economy. He also introduced measures to regulate the running of universities in the state.[citation needed]
In 1953, he introduced a new education scheme known as the "
It is a mistake to imagine that the school is within the walls. The whole village is a school. The village polytechnic is there, every branch of it, the dhobi, the wheelwright, the cobbler.[96]
The Scheme was stayed by the house and the Parulekar Committee was commissioned to review the scheme.[97] The committee found the scheme to be sound and endorsed the Government's position.[98] India's President Rajendra Prasad and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru also offered their support to the scheme.[99][100]
Rajagopalachari closed down 6000 schools, citing financial constraints.[101] Kamaraj opposed this policy and eventually opened 12,000 schools in his tenure.[95]
Despite his government's efforts to postpone the
Split from Congress – parting of ways
Following his resignation as Chief Minister, Rajagopalachari took a temporary break from active politics and instead devoted his time to literary pursuits. He wrote a Tamil re-telling of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana which appeared as a serial in the Tamil magazine Kalki from 23 May 1954 to 6 November 1955.[106] The episodes were later collected and published as Chakravarthi Thirumagan, a book which won Rajagopalachari the 1958 Sahitya Academy award in Tamil language.[107][108][109]
Rajagopalachari tendered his official resignation from the Indian National Congress and along with a number of other dissidents organised the
On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the
In his short essay "Our Democracy", Rajagopalachari explained the necessity for a right-wing alternative to the Congress by saying:
since... the Congress Party has swung to the Left, what is wanted is not an ultra or outer-Left [viz. the CPI or the Praja Socialist Party, PSP], but a strong and articulate Right[116]
Rajagopalachari also insisted that the opposition must:
operate not privately and behind the closed doors of the party meeting, but openly and periodically through the electorate.[116]
He outlined the goals of the Swatantra Party through twenty one "fundamental principles" in the foundation document.[119] The party stood for equality and opposed government control over the private sector.[120][121] Rajagopalachari sharply criticised the bureaucracy and coined the term "licence-permit Raj" to describe Nehru's elaborate system of permissions and licences required for an individual to set up a private enterprise. Rajagopalachari's personality became a rallying point for the party.[116]
In 1961, Rajagopalachari criticized Operation Vijay, the Indian military action in which Portuguese rule in Goa was forcibly ended and the territory was incorporated into India, writing that India had "totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against militarism" and had undermined the power and prestige of the United Nations Security Council. According to Rajagopalachari, while Portuguese rule in Goa had been an "offense to Indian nationalism", it was not a greater offense than the Chinese occupation of territories claimed by India or the social evil of untouchability, and the "great adventure" of seizing Goa undermined India's devotion to Gandhian principles of non-violence.[122]
Rajagopalachari's efforts to build an anti-Congress front led to a patch up with his former adversary
1965 Anti-Hindi agitations in Madras
On 26 January 1950, the Government of India adopted
1967 elections
The
The Swatantra Party also did well in elections in other states and to the Lok Sabha, the directly elected lower house of the Parliament of India.[citation needed] It won 45 Lok Sabha seats in the 1967 general elections and emerged as the single largest opposition party. The principal opposition party in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, it also formed a coalition government in Odisha and had a significant presence in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Bihar.
Later years and death
In 1971, Annadurai's successor
In January 1971, a three-party anti-Congress coalition was established by the Congress (O),
By November 1972, Rajagopalachari's health had begun to decline
On his death, condolences poured in from all corners of the country. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India commented:
Mr. Rajagopalachari was one of the makers of new India, a sincere patriot, a man whose penetrating intellect and moral sense added depth to national affairs. His analysis, his anticipation, his administrative acumen and his courage to steer an unpopular course if he felt the need, marked him as a statesman and made an impact on the national history at several crucial junctures. He had held the highest positions and lent distinction to every office.[149]
— Swarajya, 27 January 1973
Contributions to literature and music
An accomplished writer both in his mother tongue Tamil as well as English,[14] Rajagopalachari was the founder of the Salem Literary Society and regularly participated in its meetings.[43] In 1922, he published Siraiyil Tavam (Meditation in jail), a day-to-day account of his first imprisonment by the colonial government from 21 December 1921 to 20 March 1922.[150]
Rajagopalachari started the Tamil Scientific Terms Society in 1916,[43] a group that coined new words in Tamil for terms connected to botany, chemistry, physics, astronomy and mathematics.[43] It received a mixed reception because it relied on Sanskrit roots to coin new Tamil words.[151][43]
In 1951, he wrote an abridged retelling of the
Apart from his literary works, Rajagopalachari also composed a devotional song Kurai Onrum Illai devoted to Lord Venkateswara,[157] a song set to music and a regular at Carnatic concerts. Rajagopalachari composed a benediction hymn sung by M. S. Subbulakshmi at the United Nations General Assembly in 1967.[158]
Legacy
In 1954, during US Vice-president Richard Nixon's nineteen country Asian tour, he was lectured by Rajagopalachari on the consuming emotional quality of nuclear weapons.[159] The pair discussed spiritual life, particularly reincarnation and predestination.[159] Nixon wrote three pages of notes recording Rajagopalachari's words, claiming in his memoirs thirty-six years later that the afternoon "had such a dramatic effect on me that I used many of his thoughts in my speeches over the next several years."[159]
While on a tour to the United States as a member of the
E. M. S. Namboodiripad, a prominent Communist Party leader, once remarked that Rajagopalachari was the Congress leader he respected the most despite the fact he was also someone with whom he had the most differences.[165] Of Rajagopalachari, Periyar, one of his foremost political rivals remarked "he was a leader unique and unequaled, who lived and worked for high ideals".[123]
Regarded as a pioneer of social reform,
He is also remembered for his literary contributions, some of which are considered modern-day classics. He frequently wrote articles for Kalki and his own journal Swarajya, of which Philip Spratt was editor.[citation needed]
On 21 August 1978, a portrait of Rajagopalachari is put in the Central Hall of Parliament House. The portrait of Rajagopalachari, painted by N. S. Subbakrishna, was unveiled by the then President of India, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.[170]
Reception
Critics opine that he failed to gauge the thoughts and feelings of the masses in provincial and then state administrations. His introduction of Hindi
Referring to Rajagopalachari,
Although his popularity at the regional level fluctuated greatly, Rajagopalachari was able to exercise his stranglehold over provincial politics mainly because he was favored by national leaders such as Gandhi, Patel and Nehru.[14] The President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, K. Kamaraj, and a majority of the provincial leaders opposed him in the 1940s, Rajagopalachari clung on to a position of influence in regional politics through support from his colleagues at the center.[14]
Rajagopalachari has always been the archetype of the Tamil Brahmin nemesis of the Dravidian movement.[44][14][43] He was accused of being pro-Sanskrit and pro-Hindi, despite his fierce support for the Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965.[44] Rajagopalachari claimed that jati was "the most important element in the organization of our society". Christophe Jaffrelot argued that Rajagopalachari and other political leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel praised the caste system both indirectly and directly as a glue that binds the social structure together.[172][35] As a governor-general, Rajaji stated,
The food is grown, the cloth is woven, the sheep are shorn, the shoes are stitched, the scavenging is done, the cartwheels and the ploughs are built and repaired because, thank God, the respective castes are still there and the homes are trade schools as well and the parents are masters as well, to whom the children are automatically apprenticed.[173]
See also
Notes
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References
- Varma, B. G.; Pandey, Saurabh (1989). "Section 4: C. Rajagopalachari". Our Leaders, Volume 10. Children's Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-7011-929-6.
- Bakshi, S. R. (1991). C. Rajagopalachari: Role in Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7041-433-9.
- ISBN 978-81-7824-003-9.
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- Ralhan, O. P. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.
- Ralhan, O. P. (1998). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties Volume 60: The Swatantra Party 1966–1968. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.
- ISBN 978-81-88661-10-7.
- Pasricha, Ashu (2008). Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (vol. 15: The Political Thought of C. Rajagopalachari). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-495-0.
- Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography: A Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-369-5.
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- Zachariah, Benjamin (2004). Nehru: Historical Biographies Series. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25016-0.
- Reddy, Pingle Jaganmohan (1986). Governors under the Constitution. Nagarjuna University.
- Erdman, Howard Loyd (2008) [1967]. The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism. ISBN 978-0-521-04980-1.
- Vasanthi Srinivasan, Gandhi's Conscience Keeper: C Rajagopalachari and Indian Politics (Permanent Black 2009)
Further reading
- Kamat, Jyotsna. "Chakravarti Rajagopalachari". Kamat's Potpourri.
- Varadarajan, R. (2 October 2000). "In the footsteps of Rajaji". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010.
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: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Vasanthi Srinivasan, Gandhi's Conscience Keeper: C Rajagopalachari and Indian Politics (Permanent Black 2009)
- ISBN 978-81-88661-10-7.
- Felton, Monica (1962). I Meet Rajaji. Macmillan.