Chalcis
Chalkida
Χαλκίδα | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Postal code | 341 00 |
Area code(s) | 22210 |
Vehicle registration | ΧΑ |
Website | www.dimoschalkideon.gr |
Chalcis (
History
Ancient Greece
The earliest recorded mention of Chalcis is in the
The Lelantine War was a war fought in the late 8th century BC. between the two powerful ancient states of Evia, Chalkida and Eretria, which at that time were at the height of their prosperity. This war was one of the first known major wars between ancient Greek cities and took pan-Hellenic dimensions as the warring Chalcidians and Eretrians allied themselves with other Greek cities. As Herodotus mentions, the Samians allied with the Chalcidians, while the Milesians allied with the Eretrians. The Thessalians also allied with the Chalcidians, a fact mentioned by Plutarch. The historical sources provide evidence for only one battle of the war, undoubtedly the last, with the reference point being the death of the Thessalian Amphidamandas, who was praised by Hesiod. In this battle the help from the Thessalian cavalry resulted in victory for Chalkida, by which it acquired the best agricultural district of Euboea and became the chief city of the island. Late in the 6th century BC, its prosperity was broken by a disastrous war with the Athenians, who expelled the ruling aristocracy and settled a cleruchy on the site. Chalcis subsequently became a member of both the Delian Leagues.[4]
Chalkis has had a Greco-Jewish presence since antiquity, which is sometimes claimed to have been continuous and to thus form Europe's oldest Jewish community,[7] although there is no evidence of it through the early Middle Ages.[8]
In the Hellenistic period, it gained importance as a fortress by which the
Under Roman rule, Chalcis retained a measure of commercial prosperity within the province of
Middle Ages and early Modern period
It is recorded as a city in the 6th-century
By the 12th century, the town featured a Venetian trading station, being attacked by the Venetian fleet in 1171 and eventually seized by Venice in 1209, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade.[9]
For Westerners, its common name was Negropont or Negroponte. This name comes indirectly from the Greek name of the Euripus Strait: the phrase στὸν Εὔριπον 'to Evripos', was rebracketed as στὸ Νεὔριπον 'to Nevripos', and became Negroponte in Italian by folk etymology, the ponte 'bridge' being interpreted as the bridge of Chalcis[10] to Boeotia.
The town was a condominium between Venice and the Veronese barons of the rest of Euboea, known as the "triarchs", who resided there. Chalcis or Negroponte became a Latin Church diocese, see below. A large hoard of late medieval jewellery dating from Venetian times was found in Chalcis Castle in the nineteenth century and is now in the British Museum.[11] The synagogue dated to around 1400.[12]
Negroponte played a significant role in the history of
The modern town
Chalkida became part of the newborn Greek state after the
The old town, called the Castro (citadel), was surrounded by a full circuit of defense walls until they were completely razed for urban development around the start of the 20th century.[14][15]
The city is served by a railway station and is the terminus for the Athens Suburban Railway to Athens.
Ecclesiastical history
Greek bishopric
The Byzantine diocese of Chalkis was initially a
Several of its Greek bishops are recorded, but some are disputed :
- Constantinus, signed in 458 a letter by the bishops of Greece to Leo I the Thracian after the murder by Coptic mobs of patriarch Proterius of Alexandria.
- Lequien list before him Anatolius (in 363), but he was probably bishop of Beroea in Syria Prima (now Aleppo).
- next Lequien inserts, by benefit of doubt, Iohannes Damasceno, whom he also lists as bishop of Euroea (in Phoenicia) alias Evaria, in Phoenicia.
- Teodorus and Teofilattus, successive (?) bishops of Euripus, participated in the 869–70 Church council held at Constantinople.[9] viz. the Council of Constantinople of 879–880, both treating the fate of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople.
Latin crusader bishopric
At the establishment of the
.On 8 February 1314, the Latin see was united
Main sights
The church of Saint Paraskevi (the patron saint of the island) was the church of the Dominican Priory of Negroponte, one of the first two houses authorized for the Order of Preachers' Province of Greece in 1249. Started about 1250, this is among the oldest examples of early Dominican architecture surviving, and is one of the only early Dominican churches to retain its original form until the present.[18][19] The central arch over the iconostasis and the ceiling and walls of the south chapel are the best examples of Italian Gothic stone-carving in Greece.[20] Images of the Dominican saints, Dominic and Peter Martyr, stand at the base of the central arch.[21] The north chapel holds the tomb of the founder of the senatorial Lippamano family of Venice. Some of the column capitals are Byzantine.
The bridges
The town is now connected to mainland Greece by two bridges, the "Sliding Bridge" in the west at the narrowest point of the Euripus Strait and a suspension bridge.
The
A special tidal phenomenon takes place in the strait, as strong tidal currents reverse direction once every six hours, creating strong currents and maelstroms.[22][23]
Municipality
The municipality Chalcis was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of Chalcis city itself with four former municipalities, which also became municipal units:[24]
The municipality has an area of 424.766 km2, the municipal unit 30.804 km2.[25]
Transportation
In 2003, a bypass of Chalcis was opened from the southern part of the bridge to connect with GR-77, also with access to GR-44.
Chalcis station is the northern terminus of the Oinoi–Chalcis railway, and is served by Line 3 of the Athens Suburban Railway.
Historical population
Year | Town population | Municipality population |
---|---|---|
1981 | 44,847 | - |
1991 | 51,646 | - |
2001 | 53,584 | - |
2011 | 59,125 | 102,223 |
2001 | 64,490 | 109,256 |
Notable residents
- Aristotle (384–322 BC, ancient philosopher, lived in Chalcis the last year of his life (323–322 BC))
- Giovanni Maria Angiolello from Vicenza, Italy, 15th century.
- Yiannis Anastasopoulos (1931–present), author
- Eva Asderaki Professional Tennis Umpire, first woman to umpire the US Open tennis final
- Sotiria Bellou (1921–1997), singer
- Angelos Basinas (1976–present), professional footballer
- Nikolaos Christodoulou, military officer
- Mordehai Frizis(1893–1940), military officer
- Dimitrios Katheniotis, military officer
- Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, PM of Greece
- Konstantinos Kallias (1901–2004), politician
- Orestis Makris (1898–1975), actor and tenor
- Dimitris Mytaras (1934–2017), painter
- Pap smeartest founder
- Nikos Skalkottas (1901–1949), composer
- Giannis Skarimpas (Agia Efthymia, 1893–1984), author
- Georgios Papachatzis (1905–1991), jurist
Sports teams
Chalcis also has a water polo team named NC Chalkida, a football (soccer) team named Chalkida F.C., as well as a junior football team named Evoikos Chalkida.
The Chalkida football team merged with Lilas Vasilikou for a period of two years (2004–2006). The team was finally dissolved because of financial difficulties. Although there was a team created with the same name (AOX) it does not represent the glorious team of the past.
Chalcis also has a basketball team (
Club | Founded | Sports | Achievements |
---|---|---|---|
NO Chalkida | 1933 | Water Polo |
Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki |
Chalkida F.C. | 1967 | Football | Earlier presence in A Ethniki |
AGE Chalkida BC |
1976 | Basketball | Earlier presence in A2 Ethniki |
Twin towns
Chalcis is
Geography
Climate
Chalcis has a
Climate data for Chalcis | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
28.9 (84.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 44.6 (1.76) |
48.3 (1.90) |
42.6 (1.68) |
28.2 (1.11) |
17.2 (0.68) |
9.7 (0.38) |
4.2 (0.17) |
4.6 (0.18) |
11.9 (0.47) |
47.7 (1.88) |
50.6 (1.99) |
66.6 (2.62) |
376.2 (14.82) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 71 | 68 | 62 | 58 | 52 | 48 | 49 | 56 | 66 | 73 | 73 | 62 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 137.9 | 144.5 | 187.5 | 238.9 | 303.3 | 341.2 | 373.7 | 356.5 | 283.4 | 218.5 | 164.3 | 136.4 | 2,886.1 |
Source 1: www.yr.no [26] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: www.weather.gr [27] |
See also
- List of Catholic dioceses in Greece
- Leontini.
References
- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Chalcidian, n. & adj.3". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1933.
- ISBN 9780857927866, archived from the originalon 2016-03-04
- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Simon C. Bakhuizen, R. Kreulen, Chalcis-in-Euboea: Iron and Chalcidians Abroad, Brill Archive, 1976, p. 58.
- ^ Homer, Il., Bk. II, l. 537.
- ^ "ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΧΑΛΚΙΔΑΣ - ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΟ". Kis.gr. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
- ^ Deutsch, Gotthard; Caimi, M. (1902). "Chalcis". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 661.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, J.B. Bury, ed., Methuen, 1898 p. 6:390, footnote 69
- ^ "Collection search: You searched for". British Museum. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
- ^ JE (1902).
- ^ Kevin Andrews, Castles of the Morea. Gennadeion Monographs 4. Princeton: ASCSA Publications 2006 [1953]. p. 185-6
- ^ Andrews, Castles of the Morea. p. 191.
- ^ Spyros Kokkinis, "Ἱστορικὰ μνημεῖα καὶ λαϊκὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ στὴν Χαλκίδα". Ἀρχεῖον Εὐβοϊκῶν Μελετῶν, 15 (1969), 149—248.
- ^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 212-215
- .
- ^ Nikolaus Delinikolaos and Vasiliki Vemi, "Αγία Παρασκευή Χαλκίδας. Ένα βενετικό πρόγραμμα ανοικοδόμησης του 13ο αιώνα." in Chryssa Maltezou and Christina E. Papakosta eds., Venezia-Eubea, Da Egripos a Negroponte, 2006, 229-266, at pages 248—49.
- ^ Pierre MacKay, "St. Mary of the Dominicans: The Monastery of the Fratres Praedicatores in Negropont." in Chryssa Maltezou and Papakosta eds., Venezia-Eubea, 125-156.
- ^ Ramsay Traquair, "Frankish Architecture in Greece," Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects Third Series, 31, (1923—24) 42—48, fig. 13 ("Italian Gothic", p. 47).
- ^ The two first Dominican saints can just be made out at the base of the arch in a photograph in Beata Panagopoulos, Cistercian and Mendicant Monasteries in Mediaeval Greece. Chicago, 1979, plate 105, p. 133, but not with any detail.
- Bibcode:1930C&T....46...66L.
- ^ "Evia Island". Chalkis. Evia.gr. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
- ^ "Weather statistics for Chalcis, Central Greece (Greece)". Yr.no. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ "ATHENS (NAT.OBS.) Climate". Weather.gr. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
Sources and external links
- Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 8 (9th ed.), 1878, pp. 647–649 ,
- public domain: "Chalcis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 804. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- GCatholic - (former and titular) Latin see
- Photos from Chalcis, Evoia
- Herodotus Project: B+W photo essay of ancient Chalcis
- Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, pp. 430–431
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 212-215
- Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, vol. 47, pp. 262–263
- Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 367; vol. 2, p. 203; vol. 3, p. 259
- Raymond Janin, v. 2. 'Chalcis', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 278-279