Chaldean Oracles

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Part of a series on
Neoplatonism
Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus
Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus
Concepts
Works
People
Related topics
 Philosophy portal

The Chaldean Oracles are a set of spiritual and philosophical texts widely used by

Late Antiquity
writers credit "the Chaldeans", they are probably referring to this tradition.

The Chaldean Oracles show an affinity with gnostic teachings of their time. They describe the transcendent First Paternal Intellect which includes the mediating World-Soul, a female Power Hecate similar to Sophia. Fiery emanations from the First Intellect produce the Second Intellect, the Demiurge, who comprehends the cosmos as well as himself, and creates Matter. Farthest from the Highest God (First Father / Intellect) is a dense shell of matter from which the enlightened soul must emerge, shedding its bodily garments. A combination of ascetic conduct and correct ritual are recommended to free the soul from the confines of matter, and to defend it against the demonic powers lurking in the realms between Gods and mortals.[1]

Origin

The exact origins of the Chaldean Oracles are unknown, but are usually attributed to Julian the Theurgist and/or his father, Julian the Chaldean.[2] Chaldea is the classical Greek term for Babylon, transliterating Assyrian Kaldū, which referred to an area southeast of Babylonia near the Persian Gulf. It is not known whether Julian the Chaldean was actually of Eastern descent, or whether the term "Chaldean" had by his time come to mean "magician" or practitioner of mysterious arts.[3]

His son, Julian the Theurgist, served in the Roman army during

Michael Psellus in the eleventh century, useful for interpreting the surviving excerpts from the Oracles.[3]

Whether or not they were composed by Julian himself, or whether Julian compiled them from actual Chaldean originals, the oracles are mainly a product of

Hellenistic syncretism as practiced in the cultural melting-pot of Alexandria, embodying the principal features of "Chaldean philosophy". They were held in high esteem throughout Late Antiquity, and by the later followers of neoplatonism, although frequently disputed by Augustine of Hippo. Some doctrines of the Oracles have been attributed Zoroaster
.

Importance of the Oracles

The Chaldean Oracles were considered to be a central text by many later neoplatonist philosophers, nearly equal in importance to Plato's Timaeus. Scholars, beginning with F. Cumont, have described the Oracles as "the Bible of the Neoplatonists".[3]

Hellenistic civilization fused a Hellenic core of religious belief and social organization with Persian-Babylonian ("Chaldean
"), Israelite and Egyptian cultures, including their mystery cults and wisdom-traditions. Hellenistic thinkers philosophized and harmonized this polyglot mythology, cult tradition, oracular utterance, and initiatory lore. The philosophy attributed to these Babylonian, Persian, and Semitic cultures was believed to preserve the most ancient traditional wisdom.

Another Alexandrian attempt to philosophize and synthesize ancient religion produced the writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. The Chaldean Oracles are a parallel endeavour on a smaller scale, to philosophize the wisdom of Chaldea.

Metaphysics of the Oracles

The metaphysical schema of the Chaldean Oracles begins with an absolute transcendent deity called the Father, whose Power produces Intellect. This Intellect contemplates purely intellectual Forms in the realm of the Father, and dually creates and governs the material realm. This dual aspect of Intellect is the Demiurge.

The Oracles further posit a boundary between the intellectual and the material realms, personified as Hecate. As a barrier or membrane, Hecate separates the purely intellectual fire of the Father from the material fire of the cosmos, and mediates all divine influence upon the lower realm.

From Hecate is derived the World-Soul, which in turn emanates Nature, the governor of the sub-lunar realm.[5] From Nature is derived Fate, which can enslave the baser human soul. The goal of existence is to purify the baser soul from all contact with Nature and Fate by a life of austerity and contemplation. Salvation is achieved by an ascent through the planetary spheres, casting off the various baser aspects to become pure intellect.

Beneath the Intelligible Triad of Father, Magna Mater or Hecate, and Intellect lie the three successively descending worlds, Empyrean, Ethereal, and Elemental, respectively governed by a Second, Third, and Fourth Demiurgic Intellect. An additional Elemental World is ruled by Hypezokos or Flower of Fire.

The Chaldean Oracles were first translated into English by Thomas Stanley in 1662, and popularized by Thomas Taylor in 1797 and Isaac Preston Cory in 1832.[6] They were taken up in the 19th-century esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn, which in 1895 published Taylor's translation in William Wynn Westcott's edition under the title 'The Chaldaean Oracles of Zoroaster', as part of the Golden Dawn's 'Collectanea Hermetica' series.

State of the text

The original poem has not come down to us in any connected form, and is known through quotations in the works of the neoplatonists, especially Damascius.[7]

Wilhelm Kroll published an edition, De oraculis Chadaicis in 1894 arranging all known fragments in order of subject with a Latin translation, and this is the basis of most later scholarly work, including the study by Hans Lewy (1956), a Greek-French edition of the Oracles by Edouard des Places in 1971 and the currently standard (though not critical) edition in Greek and English by Ruth Majercik in 1989.[6] None of these purport to be a reconstruction of the original poem but only of the surviving fragments.

Summaries of the poem (and of the related "Assyrian Oracles", not known from elsewhere) were composed by Michael Psellos, and attempts have been made to arrange the surviving fragments in accordance with these summaries: Westcott's translation (above) is an example of such an attempt. These reconstructions are not generally regarded as having scholarly value, but sometimes surface in theosophical or occult use.

See also

  • Nabataeans of Iraq, a term used by Arabic authors as a synonym of 'Chaldean' in (pseudo-)historical and philosophical contexts
  • Nabataean Agriculture, a 10th-century Arabic work similarly attributed to the ancient Mesopotamians

Notes

  1. ^ "The Relation between Gnosticism and Platonism" in Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition, p.40
  2. ^ Lewy, Hans. Chaldean Oracles and Theurgy: Mystic Magic and Platonism in the Later Roman Empire (Paris: Institut des Études Augustiniennes, 1978): “The particular character of the Chaldean Oracles is evinced by the existence of accurate data concerning the biography of their authors.” (q.v. for references and historical challenges.)
  3. ^ a b c d Majercik, Ruth. The Chaldean Oracles: Text, Translation and Commentary. Studies in Greek and Roman Religion, vol. 5. Prometheus Trust, 2013 (1st edn., Leiden: Brill, 1989; Greek text, English introduction).
  4. ^ Dillon, pp. 392-393.
  5. ^ Dillon, p. 394-395.
  6. ^
    S2CID 216382235
    .
  7. SSRN 2121421
    .

References

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Oracles&oldid=1163656574"