Chancellor
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Chancellor (
- The head of the government
- A person in charge of foreign affairs
- A person with duties related to justice
- A person in charge of financial and economic issues
- The head of a university
Governmental positions
Head of government
Austria
The Chancellor of Austria (Bundeskanzler), is the head of the Government of Austria. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Austria is Karl Nehammer.[1]
Germany
The Chancellor of Germany (Bundeskanzler) is the head of government in Germany. In German politics, the Bundeskanzler is equivalent to a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag ("Federal Diet", the directly elected federal parliament) every four years on the beginning of the electoral period after general elections. Between general elections, the Chancellor (together with the whole cabinet) can only be removed from office by a konstruktives Misstrauensvotum (constructive vote of no confidence), which consists of the Bundestag electing a successor.[2]
Since 2021, the Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
The former German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany had the equivalent position of Reichskanzler as the head of the executive. Between 1871 and 1918, the Chancellor was appointed by the German Emperor. During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Chancellor was chosen by the President and stood under his authority. This continued (formally) during the first year of the Nazi regime until the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934. Between 1934 and 1945, Adolf Hitler combined the roles of head of state, head of government and leader of the ruling party, being officially titled "Führer und Reichskanzler" (literally "Leader and Chancellor").
Switzerland
Swiss Confederation
In
Swiss cantons
In most Swiss cantons there is a State Chancellor who heads the central administrative unit of the cantonal government.
Foreign minister and diplomatic official
In most countries of
Finland
In Finland the
Sweden
In Sweden the
United Kingdom
In the legal system of the United Kingdom, the term can refer to these officials:
- finance minister. As one of the Great Officers of State, the Chancellor is generally seen as second only to the Prime Minister in political potency. The title dates back to the Kingdom of England. When the term chancellor is used in British politics, it almost always refers to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Second Lord of the Treasury, the Chancellor has an official residence at 11 Downing Street, next door to the First Lord of the Treasury, the Prime Minister, at 10 Downing Street, in London.
- The precedence (after the Archbishop of Canterbury). In addition to the now primarily ceremonial duties as Chancellor, the office is now invariably held by the Secretary of State for Justice, who is the political head of the Ministry of Justice. Previously, the Chancellor also held the roles of:
- Head of the English, but not Scottish, judiciary. In previous centuries, the Lord Chancellor was the sole judge in the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary.
- Speaker of the House of Lords. These duties are now undertaken by the Lord Speaker. Jack Straw was the first Lord Chancellor to be a member of the House of Commons, rather than the House of Lords or its predecessor, the Curia Regis, since Sir Christopher Hatton in 1578.[6][7]
- Head of the English, but not Scottish, judiciary. In previous centuries, the Lord Chancellor was the sole judge in the
- The Chancery Divisionof the High Court of Justice. Before 2005, the judge occupying this position was known as the Vice-Chancellor, the Lord Chancellor being the nominal head of the Division.
- In a county palatine or liberty, where a local lord exercised personal jurisdiction that elsewhere was reserved to the Crown, the head of the lord's administration was often titled "chancellor". Where the lord was a bishop (as with the Bishop of Ely in Isle of Ely or the Archbishop of York in Hexhamshire) then this officer was called the temporal chancellor to distinguish him from the bishop's ecclesiastical chancellor. While palatine and liberty jurisdictions are practically obsolete, the ceremonial title chancellor remains in use:
- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: in effect, as the sinecure position of a minister without portfolio, often given to senior politicians so they have a seat in the cabinet.
- Chancellor of Cornwall, Keeper of the Great Seal, second only to the Lord Warden of the Stannaries within the Duchy of Cornwall.
Some states in the United States
Some
Other governmental positions
Denmark
In Denmark, the office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660 until 1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery", and was replaced in 1730 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs".
Estonia
In Estonia, a Chancellor (Kantsler) directs the work of a ministry and coordinates institutions subject to the ministry, comparably to a Permanent Secretary in Great Britain. A ministry can also have one or several Vice-Chancellors (Asekantsler), who fulfill the duties of the Chancellor, when they are absent.[9] The Chancellor of Justice (Õiguskantsler, currently Ülle Madise) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties.[10]
United States
In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States. As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a university's chancellor.
Ecclesiastical position
The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of a
In England, the Consistory courts of the Church of England are each presided over by a Chancellor of the Diocese.
In the United Methodist Church, each Annual Conference has a Conference Chancellor, who is the Annual Conference's legal adviser and representative. While the Annual Conference usually hires outside professional counsel in matters that require legal representation, that hiring and representation is done under the supervision, and with the consent, of the Conference Chancellor.[13]
Educational position
A chancellor is the leader, either ceremonial or executive, of many public and private universities and related institutions.
The heads of the New York City Department of Education and the District of Columbia Public Schools, who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions, carry the title of Chancellor. New York State also has a Chancellor of the University of the State of New York, the body that licenses and regulates all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (not to be confused with the State University of New York, an actual institution of higher learning).
In a few instances, the term chancellor applies to a student or faculty member in a high school or an institution of higher learning who is either appointed or elected as chancellor to preside on the highest ranking
In Germany many heads of university administration carry the title Kanzler (Chancellor) while the academical heads carry the title Rektor (Rector). In order to avoid any misunderstanding, the head of the German Federal Government is therefore usually called by the official title Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor).
Historical uses
- imperial China was the highest-ranking executive official serving under the emperor. See also: Chancellor of the Tang dynasty.
- The Daijō-daijin or Dajō-daijin[14] (太政大臣, "Chancellor of the Realm") was the head of the Daijō-kan (Great Council of State) during and after the Nara period and briefly under the Meiji Constitution.
- The chancellor in the government of the Holy Roman Empire.
- There are two ancient Egyptian titles sometimes translated as chancellor.
- For centuries, the Louis Philippe, the Chancellor of France presided over the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the royal French parliament.
- In the Kanclerz). In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), the four chancellors were among the ten highest officials of the state. Poland and Lithuania each had a Grand Chancellor and a Deputy Chancellor, each entitled to a senatorial seat, responsible for the affairs of the whole Kingdom, each with his own chancery. See Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- In the Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin.
- In St Mary's Church became Chancellor on a permanent basis. He was given the Great Seal of the Realm "for eternity." The Chancellors were originally chosen from the clergy. The position lost its importance after Jens Bjelke's tenure, and was abolished in 1679.[22]
- The Lord Chancellor of Scotland.
- The canghellor of medieval Wales administered the peasantry of the king's demesne and was charged with holding the king's pleas and "waste".[23]
- A "State Chancellor" (German: Staatskanzler) was head of government in German-Austria after World War I and again after World War II in post-war Austria. Both times the State Chancellor was Karl Renner.
See also
References
- ^ "Immigration hardliner Karl Nehammer to take over as Austrian leader". The Guardian. Reuters. 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
- ^ See German Wikipedia article Staatskanzlei
- ^ Web site of Geneva Chancellery www.ge.ch/chancellerie/services-cha.asp retrieved March 2018.
- ^ Web site of the Berne Chancellery (French version) www.rr.be.ch/rr/fr/index/der_regierungsrat/der_regierungsrat/staatsschreiber.html
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
- ^ "Constitutional continuity: Jack Straw speech at the London School of Economics". 3 March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
- ^ "Denmark". World Statesmen.org.
- ^ VABARIIGI VALITSUSE SEADUS (in Estonian)
- ^ ÕIGUSKANTSLERI SEADUS (in Estonian)
- CCEO252—§1.
- ^ Canon 482 [...]
- §2. If it seems necessary the chancellor can be given an assistant whose title is vice-chancellor.
- §3. The chancellor as well as the vice-chancellor are by the law itself notaries of the eparchial curia.
- ^ As an example, see the Texas Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church (www.txcumc.org).
- ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
- ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, p. 131
- ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, p. 63
- ^ pBerlin 10035 in U. Luft, Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie, Briefe aus Illahun, Wien 2006, 69 ff.
- ^ pLouvre 3230 B in E. Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, 92
- ^ Memoirs, Egypt Exploration Society—1958, p. 7
- ^ Serdab of the Chancellor Meketre Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001
- ^ Jan Eivind Myhre, Edgeir Benum, Oslo bys historie: Byen ved festningen: fra 1536 til 1814, 1992
- Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law. Oxford Univ., 1909. Accessed 31 Jan 2013.