Apostolic Chancery
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The Apostolic Chancery
History
Before 1908
The role of bibliotecarius first appears in 781, and was responsible for the pope's books as well as redacting documents. The role of cancellarius first appears under Silvester II. The cancellarius produced documents for the pope, while the bibliotecarius would date them. Subsequently, both roles tended to be filled by the same person. The use of the term bibliotecarius ended under Celestine II (1143–1144). From Honorius III (1216–1227) onwards the head of the chancery was called the vicecancellarius.[3]
The Cancellaria Apostolica was of ancient origin in its essence, but it derived its name from that of civil "
The Apostolic constitution Etsi ad Singula of Pope Clement VII of 5 July 1532 provided the cardinalatial title of the Basilica di San Lorenzo in Damaso to the chancellor.
After Pope Martin V had instituted a large number of offices in the Cancellaria, Pope Sixtus V placed many of them in the class of "vacabili", i. e. venal offices (a practice also of secular courts, e. g. those of France, even under the absolutist King Louis XIV). The reclassification of many of the offices of the Cancellaria as vacabili was motivated by the need of the pope for money. The pope was often compelled to defend the Church by waging war, equipping martial expeditions, or at least financially assisting the princes who waged such wars at his exhortation, but the Papal treasury was often insufficient to defray even the expenses of the Papal States. Accordingly, the popes resorted to the expedient of selling several lucrative offices of the Roman Curia to the highest bidder;[4] however, these sales were not of the offices per se, but of the receipts of the offices, e. g., the taxes paid for the favours that were granted through the pertinent office.
Some of the offices that
Other offices that
The authority of the vice chancellor increased when in 1690 Pope Alexander VIII added to his office that of Compiler (Sommista) in perpetuity.
The government of Emperor
1908–1973
The
Finally, the motu proprio Quo Aptius of Pope Paul VI of 27 February 1973 completely suppressed the Cancellaria Apostolica.
Office of chancellor
Title of the office
Prior to the
Residence and titular basilica
The most splendid occupant of the office of Chancellor was the future
Contiguous to the Cancellaria qua edifice, in fact forming part of it, is the
Office of regent
The office of regent, the next office in the order of precedence of the Cancellaria Apostolica after that of the chancellor, was instituted in 1377, when Pope Gregory XI returned from Avignon, France to his see. Cardinal Pierre de Monteruc, the chancellor at that time, refused to follow the pope from Avignon to Rome; as it was necessary that someone should direct the office of the Cancellaria, the pope, leaving the title of vice chancellor to Montéruc, appointed the archbishop of Ban, Bartolommeo Prignano, as regent. At the death of Pope Gregory XI in 1378, Prignano was elected pope, and he appointed a successor to himself in the office of regent, which was thereafter maintained, even when the vice chancellor re-established his residence in Rome.[4]
Modes of issuance of papal bulls
There were four modes of issuing
After
This commission having reformed the bulls for Consistorial benefices, Pius X by a motu proprio of 8 December 1910 approved the new formulae and ordered them to be used exclusively after 1 January 1911. The College of the Abbreviators of the greater presidency having been suppressed and the abbreviators of the lesser presidency having become extinct in fact, the apostolic prothonotaries in actual office were appointed to sign the bulls.[4]
The mode of dating papal bulls was also changed. Formerly they were dated according to the year of the
Governing Rules
The rules of the Cancellaria were instituted in various
Chancellors of Holy Roman Church (1088–1187)
Note: some chancellors before 1144 used the ancient title "Bibliothecarius" instead of "Cancellarius". This office should not be confused with that of the
- Giovanni de' Caetani (Pope Gelasius II) (1088–1118)
- Crisogono Malcondini (1118–1122)
- Aymeric de Borgogne (1123–1141)
- Gerardo Caccianemici (Pope Lucius II) (1141–1144)
- Baronio, Pro Chancellor (1144–5)
- Robert Pullen (1145–6)
- Guido da Vico (1146–1149)
- Boso Breakspeare, Pro Chancellor (1149–1153)
- Rolando Bandinelli (Pope Alexander III) (1153–1159)
- Ermanno, Pro Chancellor (1159–1166)
- Gerardo, Pro Chancellor (1166–1168)
- Graziano da Pisa, Pro Chancellor (1168–1178)
- Alberto di Morra (Pope Gregory VIII) (1178–1187)
Vice Chancellors of the Holy Roman Church (1187–1908)
- Moyses (1187–1191)
- Egidio Pierleoni (1191–1194)
- Cencio Camerario (Pope Honorius III) (1194–1198)
- Rainaldo di Acerenza (1198–1200)
- Biagio di Porto Torres (1200–1203)
- Giovanni da Ferentino(1203–1205)
- Giovanni dei Conti di Segni, Chancellor (1205–1213)
- Rainaldo Magallona (1213–1214)
- Tommaso da Capua(1215–1216)
- Rainiero(1216–19)
- William of Modena (1219–1222)
- Guido (1222-6)
- Sinibaldo Fieschi (Pope Innocent IV) (1226–7)
- Martino of Sens (1227–32)
- Bartolomeo (1232–1235)
- Guglielmo (1235–1238)
- Giacomo Boncampio (1239–1244)
- Marinus de Eboli (1244–1252)
- Guglielmo di Catadego (1252–1256)
- Rainaldo Maestro (1256–1257)
- Giordano Pironti (1257–1262)
- Michele di Tolosa (1262 – c. 1271)
- Giovanni Leccacorno (1272–1273)
- Lanfranco di Bergamo (1273–1276)
- Pietro Peregrossi (1276–1288)
- Jean Le Moine(1288–1294)
- Giovanni Castrocoeli (1294–1295)
- Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra (1295–1296)
- Riccardo Petroni (1296–1300)
- Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra (again) (1300–1301)
- Papinianus della Rovere (1301 – c. 1305)
- Pierre Arnaud de Puyanne (1305–1306)
- Petrus de Podio (1306–1307)
- Arnaud Nouvel (1307–1316)[5]
- Gauscelin de Jean (1316–1319)
- Pierre Le Tessier (1319–1325)
- Pierre Despres(1325–1361)
- Pierre de Monteruc (1361–1385)[6]
- Francesco Moricotti Prignano(1385–1394)
- Vacant 1394–1405[7]
- Angelo Acciaioli(1405–1408)
- Jean de Brogny(1409–1426)
- Vacant 1426–36[8]
- Jean de la Rochetaillée (1436–1437) [9]
- Francesco Condulmer (1437–1453)
- Vacant 1453–1457[10]
- Rodrigo Lanzol-Borja y Borja (Pope Alexander VI) (1457–1492)
- Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti (1492–1505)[11]
- Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere (1505–1507)
- Sisto Gara della Rovere (1507–1517)
- Giulio de' Medici (Pope Clement VII) (1517–1523)
- Pompeo Colonna (1524–1532)[12]
- Ippolito de' Medici (1532–1535)
- Alessandro Farnese (1535–1589)
- Alessandro (Damasceni) Peretti de Montalto(1589–1623)
- Ludovico Ludovisi (1623–1632)
- Francesco Barberini(1632–1679)
- Vacant 1679–1689[13]
- Pietro Ottoboni (1689–1740)
- Tommaso Ruffo (1740–1753)
- Girolamo Colonna di Sciarra (1753–1756)
- Alberico Archinto (1756–1758)
- Carlo Rezzonico (1758–1763)
- Henry Benedict Stuart of York (1763–1807)
- Francesco Carafa di Traetto(1807–1818)
- Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1818–1830)
- Tommaso Arezzo (1830–1833)
- Carlo Odescalchi (1833–1834)
- Carlo Maria Pedicini (1834–1843)
- Tommaso Bernetti (1844–1852)
- Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso (1852–1878)
- Antonio Saverio De Luca (1878–1883)
- Teodolfo Mertel (1884–1899)
- Lucido Parocchi (1899–1903)
- Antonio Agliardi (1903–1908)
Chancellors of the Holy Roman Church (1908–1973)
- Antonio Agliardi (1908–1915)
- Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo (1915–1927)
- Andreas Franz Frühwirth(1927–1933)
- Tommaso Pio Boggiani (1933–1942)
- Girolamo Ricci (1942—1953)
- Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini (1954–1958)
- Santiago Copello (1959–1967)
- Luigi Traglia (1968–1973)
See also
References
- ^ a b Canon 260, Code of Canon Law of 1917, translated by Edward N. Peters, Ignatius Press, 2001.
- ^ Regimini Ecclesiæ Universæ Archived July 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine §114, §116; www.vatican.va; accessed 3 August 2015.
- ISBN 9789004315280.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ojetti, Benedetto (1912). "Roman Curia". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ He was sent as Papal legate to England in 1312. During his absence, Cardinal Jacques d'Euse, the future Pope John XXII, acted as his substitute.
- Jean de Brogny(1391–1408).
- ^ Bartolomeo Francesco de la Capra, Papal Notary, acted in the capacity of Vice Chancellor. S. Miranda indicates that Cardinal Marino Bulcani was named Vice Chancellor in February 1394 and occupied the post until his death on 8 August 1394, but Bresslau, Klewitz, Handbuch..., p. 262 make no reference to him and indicate that Bartolomeo Francesco de la Capra became Director of the Chancery no later than 2 May 1394.
- ^ Gerard Faidit (1426–31) and Blasius Molino (1431–1436) acted as Regents of the Chancery.
- Council of Basel.
- ^ Berardo Eroli (1453–1457) and Juan de Mella (1455–1457) acted as Regents of the Chancery.
- Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romani el mayorwas acting Vice Chancellor 1500–3 during the absence of Cardinal Sforza.
- ^ Pope Clement VII excommunicated him in November 1526 and reinstated him a few months later. During this time Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici was acting Vice Chancellor.
- ^ Cardinal Cesare Facchinetti was acting Vice Chancellor 1679–1683, but without the title.