Chand Bibi
Sultana Chand Bibi | |
---|---|
Regent of Nizam Shahi (by birth)
Adil Shahi (by marriage) | |
Father | Hussain Nizam Shah I |
Mother | Khunza Humayun Begum |
Religion | Shia Islam |
Sultana Chand Bibi (1550–1599 CE) was an
Early life
Chand Bibi was the daughter of
Bijapur Sultanate
Following an alliance policy, Chand Bibi was married to
Ali Adil Shah's father, Ibrahim Adil Shah I, had divided power between the
Kishvar Khan became the second regent of Ibrahim. In a battle against the Ahmednagar Sultanate at Dharaseo, the Bijapur army led by him captured all the artillery and
Ikhlas Khan then became the regent, but he was dismissed by Chand Bibi shortly afterwards. Later, he resumed his dictatorship, which was soon challenged by the other Habshi generals.
Ikhlas Khan then attacked Dilavar Khan to seize the control of Bijapur. However, he was defeated, and Dilavar Khan became the regent from 1582 to 1591.
Ahmednagar Sultanate
In 1591, the
However, the Deccani minister Miyan Manju proclaimed the twelve-year-old son of Shah Tahir, Ahmad Nizam Shah II, as the ruler on 6 August 1595. The
However, while Murad was on march to Ahmednagar, many noblemen left Ikhlas Khan and joined Miyan Manju. Miyan Manju defeated Ikhlas Khan and other opponents. Now, he regretted having invited the Mughals, but it was too late. He requested Chand Bibi to accept the regency, and marched out of Ahmednagar with Ahmed Shah II. Ikhlas Khan also escaped to Paithan, where he was attacked and defeated by the Mughals.[9]
Chand Bibi accepted the regency and proclaimed Bahadur Shah king of Ahmednagar.[10]
Defence of Ahmednagar
Ahmednagar was invaded by the
Chand Bibi appealed to her nephews Ibrahim Adil Shah II of Bijapur and Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda, asking them to unite against the Mughal forces.[12] Ibrahim Adil Shah II sent a contingent of 25,000 men under Sohail Khan, which was joined by the remainder of Yekhlas Khan's force at Naldurg. Later, it was joined by a contingent of 6,000 men from Golconda.[9]
Chand Bibi had appointed Muhammad Khan as the minister, but he proved treacherous. He made overtures to the
In spite of their victory, the Mughal forces were too weak to pursue their attack and returned to Sahpur. One of their commanders, Raja Ali Khan, was killed in the battle and there were frequent disputes between other commanders. Due to these disputes, Khan-I-Khana was recalled by Akbar in 1597. Prince Murad died shortly thereafter.[9] Akbar then sent his son Daniyal and Khan-I-Khana with fresh troops. Akbar himself followed and encamped at Barhanpur.[11]
In Ahmednagar, Chand Bibi's authority was being resisted by the newly appointed minister Nehang Khan. Nehang Khan had recaptured the town of Beed, taking advantage of Khan-I-Khana's absence and of the rainy season. In 1599, Akbar dispatched Daniyal, Mirza Yusuf Khan and Khan-I-Khana to relieve the governor of Beed. Nehang Khan also marched to seize the Jaipur Kotli pass, expecting the Mughals to meet him there. However, Daniyal avoided the pass and reached Ahmednagar fort. His forces laid siege to the fort.
Chand Bibi again defended the fort. However, she could not bring about an effective resistance, and decided to negotiate terms with Daniyal.[10] Hamid Khan, a nobleman, exaggerated and spread the false news that Chand Bibi was in treaty with the Mughals.[10] According to another version, Jita Khan, a eunuch valet of Chand Bibi, thought that her decision to negotiate with the Mughals was treacherous and spread the news that Chand Bibi was betraying the fort.[13][unreliable source?] Chand Bibi was then killed by an enraged mob of her own troops. After her death, and a siege of four months and four days, Ahmednagar was captured by the Mughal forces of Daniyal and Mirza Yusuf Khan.[9]
Chand Bibi's Palace
The Tomb of Salabat Khan II is wrongly known locally as "Chand bibi ka Mahal [Chand Bibi's Palace]" and similar names.[14]: 199
In popular culture
Indian filmmaker Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar made Chandbibi (or Queen of Ahmednagar) a silent film in 1931. Sultana Chand bibi, an Indian Hindi-language film about the queen, starring Shakuntala Paranjpye released in 1937.[15]
Burial place
Mirabutorab Torabi Mashhadi[16] received a mission from Nizam Shah of Deccan to bring the bones of Chand Bibi to Mashhad and bury them next to the Imam Reza shrine.[17]
See also
- History of women in early modern warfare
References
- ^ "Women In Power: 1570-1600". Archived from the original on 19 December 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ "The Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur". Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ Jyotsna Kamat. "Education in Karnataka through the ages: Education Among Muslims". Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ Sewell, Robert (2006) [1900]. A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India.
- ^ "Reviving an ancient tank". The Hindu. 10 October 2005. Archived from the original on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d e Dr. Richard Pankhurst. "Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian history: History of the Ethiopian Diaspora, in India - Part IV". Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f Ravi Rikhye (7 March 2005). "The Wars & Campaigns of Ibrahim Adil Shahi II of Bijapur 1576-1626". Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Medieval Period". The Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ a b c d "The History of Ahmednagar". Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ^ a b "Akbar conquers Ahmednagar". Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
- ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
- ^ Altaf Hussain Asad (2 January 2005). "A woman of substance". Dawn Magazine. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
- ^ Islamic Culture. Islamic Culture Board. 1944. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ "ترابی مشهدی - ویکی فقه". fa.wikifeqh.ir. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ISBN 9789649712390.