Chandigarh
Chandigarh | ||
---|---|---|
Formation 7 October 1953 | | |
Government of Chandigarh | ||
• Chief secretary | Dharam Pal, IAS | |
National Parliament | Parliament of India | |
• Rajya Sabha | N/A | |
• Lok Sabha | 1 seat Kirron Kher | |
High Court | Punjab and Haryana High Court | |
Area | ||
• Total | 114 km2 (44 sq mi) | |
• Rank | ||
GDP | ||
• Total (2023-24) | ₹0.49 trillion (US$6 billion) | |
• Rank | 25th | |
• Per capita | ₹349,000 (US$4,400) (4th) | |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) | |
ISO 3166 code | IN-CH | |
Vehicle registration | CH | |
HDI (2017–2018) | 0.827 Very High[5] (2nd) | |
Literacy (2023) | 86.05 (8th) | |
Sex ratio (2011) | 818♀/1000 ♂ (34th) | |
Website | chandigarh | |
Symbols of Chandigarh | ||
Bird | Indian grey hornbill | |
Flower | Dhak | |
Fruit | Mango | |
Mammal | Indian grey mongoose[6][7] | |
Tree | Mangifera indica[7] | |
List of Indian state and union territory symbols |
Chandigarh (
Chandigarh is one of the earliest planned cities in
Chandigarh has grown greatly since its initial construction, and has also driven the development of Mohali and Panchkula; the "tri-city" metropolitan area has a combined population of over 1,611,770.[10] The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The union territory has one of the highest Human Development Index among Indian states and territories.[11] In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics ranked it as the happiest city in India on the happiness index.[12][13][14] In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture, cultural growth, and modernisation.[15]
Etymology
The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh. Chandi refers to the Hindu goddess Chandi and Garh means fortress.[16] The name is derived from Chandi Mandir, an ancient temple devoted to the Hindu Goddess Chandi near the city in Panchkula District.[17]
The motif or sobriquet of "The City of Beauty" was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s. Architect Albert Mayer, the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of City Beautiful concepts and declared, "We want to create a beautiful city..."[18] The phrase was used as a logo in official publications in the 1970s and is now how the city describes itself.[19][20]
History
As part of the
was the temporary capital of the state until Chandigarh was completed.Albert Mayer developed a
The capital city was officially shifted from Shimla to Chandigarh on 21 September 1953, though Chandigarh was formally inaugurated by India's first president, Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953.[28]
During excavations at the time of the building of the city, some Indus Valley artefacts were discovered, suggesting that the area that is today Chandigarh was home to some settlements of the
Present-day Chandigarh was also the site of a short-lived late 18th-century principality, with a small fort at Mani Majra. As of 2016, many villages that predate the city are still inhabited within the modern blocks of some sectors, including Burail and Attawa, while several other such villages lie on the margins of the city.[31]
Geography
Location
Chandigarh is located by the foothills of the
The city, lying in the northern plains, includes a vast area of flat, fertile land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar, while the remainder of its terrain is part of the Terai.[33] Its surrounding cities are Mohali, New Chandigarh, Patiala, Zirakpur and Rupnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana.
Chandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) north of Ambala, 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar, and 250 km (156 miles) north of Delhi.
Climate
Chandigarh has a
The city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures:
- Spring: During spring (from February-end to mid-April), temperatures vary between a maximum of 13 to 20 °C or 55.4 to 68.0 °F and a minimum of 5 to 12 °C or 41.0 to 53.6 °F.
- Autumn: In autumn (from September-end to mid-November), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 °C or 86 °F. Temperatures usually remain between 10 and 22 °C or 50.0 and 71.6 °F in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 6 °C or 42.8 °F.
- Summer: The temperature in summer (from mid-April to mid-June) usually peaks at around 43 °C or 109.4 °F in mid-June, and generally varies between 38 and 42 °C (100.4 and 107.6 °F).
- Monsoon: During the monsoon season (from mid-June to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during August or September). Usually, the rain-bearing monsoon winds blow from the southwest/southeast. The city mostly receives heavy rain from the south (which is mainly persistent rain), but it generally receives most of its rain during the monsoon season either from the northwest or the northeast. The maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigarh during the monsoon season is 195.5 millimetres or 7.70 inches in a single day.
- Winter: Winters (November-end to February-end) are mild but can get chilly during peak winter weeks. Average temperatures in the winter generally fluctuate between a maximum of 5 to 14 °C or 41.0 to 57.2 °F and a minimum of −1 to 5 °C or 30.2 to 41.0 °F. Rain usually comes from the westduring winter, and it rains for 2–3 days, sometimes with hailstorms.
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
42.6 (108.7) |
44.6 (112.3) |
45.3 (113.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
45.3 (113.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 37.8 (1.49) |
37.3 (1.47) |
27.4 (1.08) |
17.5 (0.69) |
26.8 (1.06) |
146.7 (5.78) |
275.6 (10.85) |
273.0 (10.75) |
154.6 (6.09) |
14.2 (0.56) |
5.2 (0.20) |
22.3 (0.88) |
1,038.4 (40.88) |
Average rainy days | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 47.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
47 | 42 | 34 | 23 | 23 | 39 | 62 | 70 | 59 | 40 | 40 | 46 | 44 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[35] |
Wildlife and biodiversity
Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense
-
Junglefowl, Sukhna wildlife sanctuary, Chandigarh
-
Sambar deer in City Forest Park, Chandigarh
-
Parakeets at theParrot Bird Sanctuary
-
Nilgai, Dhanas lake, Chandigarh
Heritage Trees of Chandigarh
Many trees in Chandigarh are given the status of the natural heritage of the city. The Chandigarh government has identified a list of 31 trees as Heritage Trees. The Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration is the nodal department for this purpose and has published a detailed booklet about it. The trees in the city that are 100 years or more old have been given heritage status.
Landscape
Sukhna Lake, a 3 km2 artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1,[39] was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills.[40]
Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It is known for its green belts and other special tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence.[41] The Rock Garden,[42][43] is located near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded waste materials.[44] The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden (which is also Asia's largest rose garden) contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants and trees.[45] Other gardens include the Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector 42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical garden and the Bougainvillea Garden.[46] There is also the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh in Sector 10.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 21,967 | — |
1911 | 18,437 | −1.74% |
1921 | 18,133 | −0.17% |
1931 | 19,783 | +0.87% |
1941 | 22,574 | +1.33% |
1951 | 24,261 | +0.72% |
1961 | 119,881 | +17.32% |
1971 | 257,251 | +7.93% |
1981 | 451,610 | +5.79% |
1991 | 642,015 | +3.58% |
2001 | 900,635 | +3.44% |
2011 | 1,055,450 | +1.60% |
source:[47] |
Population
As of 2011[update] India census, Chandigarh had a population of 1,055,450,[2][3] giving it a density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre.[48][49]
Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every 1,000 males.[1] The child-sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%.[1] 10.8% of the population is under 6 years of age.[1] The population of Chandigarh formed 0.09 per cent of India in 2011.[3]
There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since the 1951–1961 period, the growth rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%, a likely cause being the rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities.[50] The urban population constitutes 97.25% of the total and the rural population makes up 2.75%, as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh, situated on its Western and South-Eastern border, and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh.[citation needed]
Languages
English is the sole official language of Chandigarh.[4] The majority of the population speaks Hindi (67.76%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.02%.[52][53] Government schools use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks.[54] The percentage of Punjabi speakers has fallen from 36% in 1981 to 22% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from 51% to 78%.[55]
Religion
There are several places of worship located all over the city, with many in each sector, including the historic Mata Basanti Devi Mandir in Sector 24.[57] The temple is dedicated to Goddess Shitala and specially visited by devotees during first Tuesday of Chaitra month after Holi. Chandi Mandir, Mata Mansa Devi Mandir and Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir are important Hindu temples located near Chandigarh.[58][59]Nada Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity.[60] Apart from this, there are a couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail.[61] The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh serves the Catholics of the city, with a co-cathedral in the city, which also governs most of the convent schools in Chandigarh.
Health
The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Chandigarh, as of year 2020.
Indicators | Number of children (<5 years) | Percent (2020) | Percent (2016) |
---|---|---|---|
Stunted | 23,133 | 25% | 29% |
Wasted | 7,690 | 8% | 11% |
Severely wasted | 2,140 | 2% | 4% |
Underweight | 18,799 | 21% | 24% |
Overweight/obesity | 1,692 | 2% | 1% |
Anemia | 44,830 | 55% | 73% |
Total children | 91,436 |
The table below shows the district nutrition profile of women in Chandigarh between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of the year 2020.
Indicators | Number of women (15-49 years) | Percent (2020) | Percent (2016) |
---|---|---|---|
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2) | 57,268 | 13% | 13% |
Overweight/obesity | 193,769 | 44% | 41% |
Hypertension | 110,178 | 25% | 12% |
Diabetes | 83,415 | 29% | NA |
Anemia (non-preg) | 264,506 | 60% | 76% |
Total women (preg) | 37,116 | ||
Total women | 440,183 |
Government and politics
Administrator of the Union Territory
Article 239 of the
Politics
Chandigarh, as a
Civic administration
The city is governed by a civic administration or local government headed by
On 27 March 2022, Union Home Minister
Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election as of December 2021:
Party | Seats | Seats +/− | |
---|---|---|---|
Aam Aadmi Party | 14 | 14 | |
Bharatiya Janata Party | 14 | 6 | |
Indian National Congress | 6 | 3 | |
Shiromani Akali Dal | 1 | ||
Nominated | 9 | [to be determined] | |
Member of Parliament | 1 |
Civic utilities
The prime responsibilities of the civic body
In 2021, the BJP-ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 1.5 to 2.5 times.[73] This created a widespread discontent among the residents.[74]
In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. The problem was aggravated by an increase of 17% in parking rates by the Municipal Corporation.[75] The increase in the waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years 2016 to 2021 were unpopular among the public.[74]
During the COVID-19 pandemic in India, concerns were raised about whether sufficient relief measures had been taken by the local government. The sitting Councillors were accused of not being found to be approachable when the public needed support.[74]
Cleanliness
In 2016, Chandigarh was the second cleanest city of India.
In 2021, Chandigarh fell 66 positions in the list of cleanest cities in India. The garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site.[74][76] The city's cleanliness was once a point for the city, and its decline became an important poll issue.[74]
Economy
Chandigarh has been rated as one of the "Wealthiest Towns" of India.[77] The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as the third-largest deposit center and seventh-largest credit center nationwide as of June 2012. With an average household monthly income of ₹199,000 (US$2,500), Chandigarh is one of the richest towns in India.[78] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2014–15 is estimated at ₹290 billion (short scale) (US$4.3 billion) at current prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in the top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations" ahead of cities like Beldon (Amritsar).[79]
Employment
The government is a major employer in Chandigarh, with three governments having their base here, those being the Chandigarh Administration, the Punjab government, and the Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service, mainly armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a "Pensioner's Paradise".
The main occupation here is trade and business.
Four major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ASSOCHAM India[83], Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) having regional offices in Chandigarh. [84][85]
Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the
The work of the
Culture
Festivals
Every year, in September or October during the festival of Navratri, many associations and organisations hold a Ramlila event, which has been conducted here for over 50 years.[91]
The
The Mango Festival is held during the
Punjabi historic festivals like Lohri, Basant, Vaisakhi are also celebrated with great fervor and enthusiasm across the city.[93]
Transport
Unified Transport Metropolitan Authority, Chandigarh was made in 2023 to plan and execute the transportation needs of the Chandigarh Metropolitan Region.[94]
Road
Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India..
Chandigarh is well-connected by road to the following nearby cities, by the following highway routes:
- NH 7 to Patiala in the southwest.
- NH 152 to Ambala and Kaithal in the south (NH 44 catches up from Ambala to Panipat-Delhi).
- NH 5 to Shimla in the northeast, and to Ludhiana in the west.
Air
Chandigarh Airport has scheduled commercial flights to the major cities of India. An international terminal was completed in 2015, and international flight routes to Dubai and Sharjah were started. The runway is located in Chandigarh, while the terminal is in Mohali. The governments of Punjab and Haryana each have a 24.5% stake in the international terminal building, while the Airports Authority of India holds a 51% stake.[98]
Rail
Chandigarh Junction railway station lies in the Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railways network and provides connectivity to most of the regions of India. The railway station also serves the neighbouring town of Panchkula. There were long-standing proposals to develop a metro rail system in the city, which were formally scrapped in 2017.[citation needed]
Education
There are numerous educational institutions in Chandigarh. These range from privately and publicly operated schools to colleges. These include
According to the Chandigarh administration's department of education, there are a total of 115 government schools in Chandigarh,
Sports
The
The Chandigarh Golf Club has a 7,202-yard, 18-hole course known for its challenging narrow fairways, dogleg 7th hole, and floodlighting on the first nine holes.[105]
Tourist attractions
The main tourist attractions in Chandigarh are:[106][107]
Natural landscape
- Rock Garden of Chandigarh
- Garden of Springs, Chandigarh
- Zakir Hussain Rose Garden
- Japanese Garden, Chandigarh
- Parrot Bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh
- Mahendra Chaudhary Zoological Park
- Sukhna Lake
- Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary
- Rose Festival (Chandigarh)
- Heritage Trees of Chandigarh
- Sukhna Interpretation Centre
- Terraced Garden
Museums
Architecture
- Open Hand Monument
- Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh
- Chandigarh Capitol Complex
- Secretariat Building, Chandigarh
Others
- Sector-17, Chandigarh
- Burail Fort
- Manimajra Fort
- Chandi Mandir
- Elante Mall
- Paras Downtown Square
- Tagore Theatre
-
Rock Garden
-
Sukhna Lake
-
Rose Garden
-
Palace of Assembly, Capitol Complex
-
Government Museum and Art Gallery
Postcolonial significance
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (July 2022) |
Background
Nehru said of Chandigarh when he first visited the site of the new city in 1952: "Let this be a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past, an expression of the nation's faith in the future".[108] For Nehru, Chandigarh represented a vision of how a new planned city could be a canvas for the regeneration of the nation itself after centuries of oppression under British colonial rule and the dilution of Indian character from the nation's towns. Guided by the architectural optics of Le Corbusier, the development of Chandigarh was part of a state-driven exercise to break from the traditions of imperialism in city making and begin the process of healing from the injustices suffered.[109]
To the extent that Chandigarh epitomises the destructive influence of the British, in the impetus of its creation as a solution to the otherwise violent partitioning of territory between India and Pakistan, it represents an early ideological symbol for the birth of India's future. The selection of the physical site involved an extensive vetting process. Many existing towns in Punjab were surveyed as options for the new capital and dismissed for poor performance concerning factors such as military defensibility and capacity for accommodating potential refugee influxes. The construction of a new town in Chandigarh was determined to be the best option due to its relative strength in these factors as well as its proximity to the national capital, New Delhi, its central location within the state of Punjab, its abundance of fecund land and its beautiful natural landscape.[110]
Modernism in new town design
Off the back of this conflation of assets Chandigarh then was well poised to serve a function as a city-building project in national identity. From a federal policy perspective, the development of the new town became a tool in India for modernisation and an intended driver of economic activity, legal reform, and regional growth as well as a significant agent for the
These examples from a genealogy of utopian urban forms developed in post-independence India as a panacea for issues related to underdevelopment as well as post-independence complications to do with separatist religious conflict and the resulting diplomatic tensions. Chandigarh is the first example of a state-funded master-planned modernisation scheme. These "urban utopias" attempt to enforce nation-building policies through a federalised rule of law at a regional level, and diffuse postcolonial urbanism which codes justice in its design.[113] The intent is that the economic success and progressivism of cities such as Chandigarh as a lightning rod for social change would gradually be emulated at the scale of the nation. Chandigarh was for Nehru and Le Corbusier an embodiment of the egalitarian potential offered by modernism, where the machine age would complete the liberation of the nation's citizens through the productive capacity of industrial technology and the relative ease of constructing civic facilities such as dams, hospitals, and schools; the very antithesis of the conservative and traditional legacy of colonialism.[111] Though built as a state capital Chandigarh came to be focused on industry and higher education.[112] The specialisation of these new towns in particular functions represents a crucial aspect of the modernisation process as a decolonising enterprise, in completing a national portfolio where each town forms a part of the utopian model for contemporary India.
The post-colonialism of Chandigarh is rooted in the transformation of the political ideas of those such as Nehru who generated a new Indian nationalism through the design of newly built forms.[114] Scholars such as Edward Said have emphasised the sinister nature of nostalgia and the romanticisation of colonial architecture in newly independent colonies as artefacts that perpetuate the ideological legacy of the hegemony and replicate the hierarchy of power even after decolonisation.[115] Insofar as modernism in architecture (which defined town planning under the Nehru era of rule) represents an active radical break from tradition and a colonial past even the very presence of Le Corbusier has been recognised as an indelible resistance to the British construction legacy, as he provided the first non-British influence on design thinking in India, enabling a generational shift in the contemporary cohort of architects and planners to be hired by the state throughout the rest of the century who were initiated under Modernist conditioning.[114]
As early as the 1950s the presence of the
Criticisms
Criticisms are well established regarding the implementation of the postcolonial vision of Nehru and Le Corbusier and the critical emphasis on its influence. Claims have been made that the focus on Corbusier's architect-centred discourse erases the plural authorship of the narrative of Chandigarh's development, arguing that it was, in fact, a hybridity of values and of "contested modernities" of Western and indigenous Indian origin and cultural exchanges rather than an uncontested administrative enterprise.[118] Such criticism is consistent with claims that decolonisation in India has marked a shift from segregation based on race to segregation based on class and that planned cities are truly "designed" ones which represent the values and interests of a westernised middle-class Indian elite which ignore the complexities of India's diverse ethnic and cultural landscape and enabled neocolonial hierarchies such as the imposition of the Hindi language on non-conforming castes.[109][111][114]
Brent C. Brolin argues that Le Corbusier ignored Indian preferences in designing the housing and communities and that the residents have done what they can to recreate their accustomed lifestyle.[119] Furthermore, the early over-saturation of the minimalist International Style in building design in Chandigarh has attracted criticisms of effecting a "democratic, self-effacing banality", though this criticism is perhaps negligent of how this was necessary for galvanising higher standards of urban living throughout the country.[120]
Notable people
- Sarbjit Bahga, architect, author, photo-artist
- Binny Bansal, founder of Flipkart, billionaire[121]
- Sachin Bansal, founder of Flipkart, billionaire[121][122]
- Ashoka Chakra Awardee, flight attendant and model
- Hotmail[123]
- Jaspal Bhatti, Padma Bhushan awardee, film and TV actor and renowned satirist
- Abhinav Bindra, Olympic gold medalist[124]
- Nek Chand, Indian artist and creator of the Rock Garden of Chandigarh[125]
- Surveen Chawla, Punjabi film actress
- Punjabi actress[126]
- Vivek Dahiya, actor
- Harita Kaur Deol, pilot
- Kapil Dev, former Indian international cricketer[127]
- Ishaan Dhawan, TV actor
- Harmeet Dhillon, American lawyer
- Mukesh Gautam, Punjabi film director
- Yami Gautam, Indian film actress
- Mahie Gill, Indian actress[128]
- Sandesh Jhingan, Indian international professional footballer
- Mamta Joshi, Sufi singer
- MTV IndiaVJ and actress
- AJ Kanwar, award-winning dermatologist, former professor and head, PGI, Chandigarh
- Kirron Kher, Indian actress and theatre artist (also BJP M.P. from the city)[129]
- Aparshakti Khurana, Indian film actor
- Ayushmann Khurrana, Indian film actor
- Rochak Kohli, music composer, singer, lyricist
- Sargun Mehta, Punjabi film actress
- Anjum Moudgil, Indian rifle Shooter
- Prince Narula, actor
- Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria, winner of Ashden Awards-UK[130]
- Gul Panag, Indian film actress and social activist[131]
- Neel Kamal Puri novelist, columnist
- Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava, bioinformatics scientist[132]
- Kulraj Randhawa, Punjabi film actress[133]
- Mohinder Singh Randhawa, a civil servant who had a major role in establishing Chandigarh
- Harnaaz Sandhu, winner of Miss Universe 2021
- Mohit Sehgal, TV actor
- Piare Lal Sharma, writer
- Jeev Milkha Singh, professional golfer[134]
- Milkha Singh Commonwealth gold medalist.[135][136]
- Yuvraj Singh, Indian international cricketer[137]
- Pammi Somal, Bollywood journalist and filmmaker
- Sri Srinivasan, United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- Manan Vohra, cricketer
- Kashmiri Lal Zakir, Indian poet, novelist, dramatist and short story writer.
Villages
See also
- Ambala Chandigarh Expressway
- Chandigarh capital region
- List of tourist attractions in Chandigarh
- Mohali
- New Chandigarh, Punjab
- Panchkula
- Pinjore
- Kaimbwala
- Navyug Ramlila and Dussehra Committee
- Emblem of Chandigarh
References
- ^ a b c d "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Chandigarh (India): Union Territory & Agglomeration – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ a b c "Statistical Abstract of Chandigarh" (PDF). Official Website of Chandigarh. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ a b "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in IndiaA" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Fynn, Shaun. Chandigarh Revealed: Le Corbusier's City Today. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017. ISBN 9781616895815
- Evenson, Norma. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966.
- ISBN 978-1495906251
- Joshi, Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of ISBN 1-890206-13-X
- Kalia, Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Chandigarh and Planning Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol. CIII pages 315–333. I. The Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. Housing, by Jane B. Drew.
- Nangia, Ashish. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial. PhD. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008.
- Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality, and Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan" Planning Perspectives 19 (2004): 175–199
- Prakash, Vikramaditya. Chandigarh's Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
- Sarin, Madhu. Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.
External links
- Government
- General information
- Chandigarh at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Chandigarh at OpenStreetMap