Changsha Kingdom
Changsha Kingdom 長沙國 | |
---|---|
203/202 BC–AD 33 | |
Status | Kingdom of the Han dynasty |
Capital | Linxiang (present-day Changsha) |
Government | Monarchy |
History | |
• Established | 203/202 BC |
• Extinction of the Wu family line | 157 BC |
• Reestablishment under the Liu family | 155 BC |
• Dissolution under Wang Mang | AD 9 |
• Restoration | AD 26 |
• Disestablished | AD 33 |
Changsha Kingdom | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Chángshā Guó |
Wade–Giles | Ch‘ang-sha Kuo |
IPA | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵ kwɔ³⁵/ |
Xiang | |
IPA | /ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³ kuɤ̞²⁴/ |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Jyutping | coeng4 saa1 gwok3 |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | Tiông-sa Kok |
The Changsha Kingdom was a
Changsha was one of the largest and longest-lasting kingdoms in Han China.
History
The first king of Changsha,
In 209 BC,
The kings of Changsha were staunch supporters of the Han, and their loyalty and competence was praised by successive emperors.
Wu Chen was succeeded by his son Wu Hui (
After the extinction of this house,
Territory
The exact extent of the first Changsha Kingdom is still unclear. The official
The reconstruction offered by Zhou and
When Emperor Jing granted Changsha to his son Liu Fa, the kingdom's territory was reduced to Changsha Commandery alone. Consequently, the kingdom's southwestern border was in the vicinity of modern Chaling, Wugang and Quanzhou counties.[30] From Emperor Wu's reign onward, 20 marquisates were created from Changsha. These marquisates were administered as parts of neighboring commanderies, further reducing the kingdom's territory.[31]
Demographics
Changsha was sparsely populated compared to other parts of the Han Empire.[32] The population primarily consisted of descendants of Chu colonizers, members of the Qin military garrison and their offspring, assimilated Nanman, and the native Baiyue tribes. Zhao Tuo, King of Nanyue, claimed that "half of Changsha are Man and Yi". Jia Yi, grand tutor of the king from 176 to 172 BC, wrote that there were only 25,000 households in the kingdom,[33] although it is likely that the figure was an underestimate.[34] (Jia, an advocate for further limits on the kingdoms' autonomy, saw Changsha's weakness as a reason of its loyalty.) However, the population increased rapidly, partly due to the favorable agricultural policies and partly because of immigration both from within the Han empire and from Nanyue.[35] In AD 2, when the Han dynasty conducted an empire-wide population census, the population of Changsha was recorded as 235,825 living in 43,470 households. The commanderies that constituted the larger Changsha of the early Han dynasty together had a population of 717,433 living in 126,858 households, a five-fold increase from Jia Yi's estimation during the early Han period.[36]
Government
In the early Han dynasty, the government structure of the kingdoms closely followed that of the
Under the Wu family, the Changsha Kingdom was administered at two levels, the
In regions inhabited by the Baiyue, larger but less populated
The reestablishment of the Changsha Kingdom under Liu Fa coincided with the abortive Rebellion of the Seven States and the subsequent drastic measures to limit the autonomy of kingdoms by Emperor Jing. In 145 BC, the vassal kingdoms were stripped of the right to appoint officials with salaries higher than 400 dan, which covered everyone from ministers in the royal court to county magistrates.[47] Furthermore, changes were made to the government hierarchy of kingdoms. A number of offices were abolished, including the royal secretary, minister of justice (廷尉, tíngwèi), minister of the royal clan (宗正, zōngzhèng), steward (少府, shǎofǔ), and court scholar (博士, bóshì).[48] Of particular importance was the abolition of the steward, as this move deprived the kings of their fiscal control over the fief.[47] Many remaining offices were demoted in rank, and lesser officials were reduced in number.[48] The titles of the chancellor and tutor were shortened to simply xiàng (相) and fù (傅) to distinguish them from their imperial equivalents.[47] Later, in 8 BC, the court clerk was abolished and the chancellor took over his duties. By then, the kingdom's government structure had become almost indistinguishable from that of a commandery in all but name.[47][48]
Kings
Posthumous name | Personal name | Reigned from | Reigned to | Relationship with predecessor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | In Chinese | Pinyin | Name | In Chinese | Pinyin | |||
Wu family | ||||||||
King Wen of Changsha | 長沙文王 | Chángshā Wén Wáng | Wu Rui | 吳芮 | Wú Ruì | 203 BC | 202 BC | |
King Cheng of Changsha | 長沙成王 | Chángshā Chéng Wáng | Wu Chen | 吳臣 | Wú Chén | 202 BC | 194 BC | Son |
King Ai of Changsha | 長沙哀王 | Chángshā Āi Wáng | Wu Hui | 吳回 | Wú Huí | 194 BC | 187 BC | Son |
King Gong of Changsha | 長沙共王 | Chángshā Gòng Wáng | Wu You | 吳右 | Wú Yòu | 187 BC | 179 BC | Son |
King Jing of Changsha | 長沙靖王 | Chángshā Jìng Wáng | Wu Zhu | 吳著 | Wú Zhù | 179 BC | 157 BC | Son |
Liu family | ||||||||
King Ding of Changsha | 長沙定王 | Chángshā Dìng Wáng | Liu Fa | 劉發 | Liú Fā | 155 BC | 128 BC | |
King Dai of Changsha | 長沙戴王 | Chángshā Dài Wáng | Liu Yong | 劉庸 | Liú Yōng | 128 BC | 101 BC | Son |
King Qing of Changsha | 長沙頃王 | Chángshā Qīng Wáng | Liu Fuqu | 劉附朐 | Liú Fùqú | 101 BC | 83 BC | Son |
King La of Changsha | 長沙剌王 | Chángshā Là Wáng | Liu Jiande | 劉建德 | Liú Jiàndé | 83 BC | 50 BC | Son |
King Yang of Changsha | 長沙炀王 | Chángshā Yáng Wáng | Liu Dan | 劉旦 | Liú Dàn | 50 BC | 48 BC | Son |
King Xiao of Changsha | 長沙孝王 | Chángshā Xiào Wáng | Liu Zong | 劉宗 | Liú Zōng | 45 BC | 43 BC | Brother |
King Miu of Changsha | 長沙繆王 | Chángshā Miù Wáng | Liu Luren | 劉魯人 | Liú Lǔrén | 42 BC | AD 6 | Son |
– | Liu Shun | 劉舜 | Liú Shùn | AD 6 | AD 9 | Son | ||
– | Liu Xing | 劉興 | Liú Xīng | AD 26 | AD 33 | Son |
Economy
Agriculture in Changsha included a wide range of crops and animal species.
Artifacts from Changsha noble tombs reveal advanced levels of artisanship. A plain-colored gauze gown discovered in the Mawangdui tomb, for example, measures 128 centimetres (50 in) long by 190 centimetres (75 in) wide but weights only 49 grams (1.7 oz) in total.
Culture
Changsha nobility dressed similarly to contemporary nobles in the Han Empire. The forms of
The earliest known paintings on fabric in China were unearthed from the Mawangdui tombs.
As seen in excavated manuscripts and artifacts, the Changsha elite practiced complicated incantations and ritual acts for their interaction with the spirit world. The
Science and technology
Some of the earliest texts on
Two new texts on astronomy and astrology, the Prognostications on the Five Planets (五星占, Wǔ Xīng Zhàn) and the Diverse Prognostications on Heavenly Patterns and Formations of Materia Vitalis (天文氣象雜占, Tiānwén Qìxiàng Zá Zhàn), were found in the Mawangdui tombs.[70] The former provided accurate observation data on the positions of planets over a 70-year period from 246 BC to 177 BC, and also elaborated on some astrological beliefs such as an astral-terrestrial correspondence, a mapping of astronomical features to those on the land.[71][72] The latter, likely a work by a Chu author of the Warring States period, included a collection of illustrations of astronomical and atmospheric features such as clouds, mirages, rainbows, stars and comets.[73][74]
References
Citations
- ^ Zhou 1987, pp. 11–15.
- ^ a b He 2013, p. 1.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 13.
- ^ a b He 2013, p. 6.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, p. 14.
- ^ Li 2014, p. 330.
- ^ He 2013, pp. 260–266.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 2–3.
- ^ He 2013, pp. 3–5.
- ^ Li 2014, pp. 331–332.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, p. 30.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 22.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 28.
- ^ a b Loewe 1986, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Fu 1984, p. 106.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b Fu 1984, p. 107.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 31.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, p. 32.
- ^ Loewe 1986, p. 136.
- ^ Fu 1984, p. 113.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, pp. 32–35.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 35–36.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, p. 40.
- ^ a b Yi 1995, pp. 65–68.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 42.
- ^ a b Luo 1998, p. 41.
- ^ a b He 2013, p. 231.
- ^ Zhou 1987, p. 119.
- ^ a b He 2013, pp. 221–240.
- ^ Zhou 1987, pp. 122–125.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 78.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 50.
- ^ Fu 1984, p. 110.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 52.
- ^ a b He 2013, p. 250.
- ^ Wu 1990, pp. 110–111.
- ^ a b Wu 1990, p. 112.
- ^ Wu 1990, p. 111.
- ^ a b Wu 1990, p. 122.
- ^ Bielenstein 1980, p. 105.
- ^ He 2013, p. 254.
- ^ a b Fu 1984, p. 111.
- ^ a b He 2013, p. 175.
- ^ Loewe 1986, p. 151.
- ^ a b c d Bielenstein 1980, p. 106.
- ^ a b c He 2013, p. 253.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 193–199.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 199–202.
- ^ a b Fu 1984, p. 112.
- ^ Höllmann 2013, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Höllmann 2013, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 119.
- ^ Liu-Perkins 2014, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Liu-Perkins 2014, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 188–191.
- ^ a b c Li 2013, p. 319.
- ^ a b Liu-Perkins 2014, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 169–170.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 168–170.
- ^ Luo 1998, pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b Harper 1999, p. 869.
- ^ Harper 1999, pp. 870–871.
- ^ Lo 2011, p. 19.
- ^ a b Lo 2011, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Pankenier 2013, p. 445.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 171.
- ^ Pankenier 2013, p. 285.
- ^ Luo 1998, p. 173.
- ^ Pankenier 2013, p. 497.
Bibliography
- Bielenstein, Hans (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-75972-7.
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- Höllmann, Thomas, O. (2013). The Land of the Five Flavors: A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16186-2.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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Further reading
- Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1193-7.