Chaparral Cars
Industry | Automotive Manufacturing |
---|---|
Founded | 1962 |
Founder |
|
Defunct | 1970 |
Chaparral Cars was a pioneering American automobile racing team and race car developer that engineered, built, and raced cars from 1963 through 1970. Founded in 1962 by American Formula One racers Hap Sharp and Jim Hall, it was named after the roadrunner, a fast-running ground cuckoo also known as a chaparral bird.
Background
Dick Troutman and Tom Barnes were builders of the original Chaparral race cars (later referred to as Chaparral 1).[1] Jim Hall purchased two Chaparral 1s to race. When Hall and Sharp began building their own cars, they asked Troutman and Barnes if they could continue to use the Chaparral name. That is why the Hall/Sharp cars are all named Chaparral 2s (models 2A through 2J for sports cars/CanAm cars, and the 2K which was the 1979–1982 Indycar). Despite winning the Indianapolis 500 in 1980, they left motor racing in 1982. Chaparral cars also featured in the SCCA/CASC Can-Am series and Endurance racing.[citation needed]
Jim Hall was a leader in the innovation and design of spoilers, wings, and ground effects. A high point was the 1966 2E Can-Am car. The 2J Can-Am "sucker car" was the first "ground-effect" car.[citation needed]
The development of the Chaparral chronicles the key changes in race cars in the 1960s and 1970s in both aerodynamics and tires. Hall's training as an engineer taught him to approach problems in a methodical manner, and his access to the engineering teams at Chevrolet and at Firestone was instrumental in changing race car aerodynamics and handling from an art to an empirical science. The embryonic data acquisition systems created by the GM research and development group aided these efforts. An interview with Hall by Paul Haney illustrates many of these developments.[2]
Models
1
In 1957, Hall raced the front-engined Chaparral (retroactively called the "Chaparral 1") through 1962, bought from Troutman and Barnes (like the Scarab, the Chaparral 1 cars were built in California by Troutman and Barnes). Hall and Hap Sharp extensively modified their Chaparral and eventually decided to build their own car. They obtained permission from Troutman and Barnes to use the Chaparral name, which is why all of Hall's cars are called Chaparral 2s.
2
The first Chaparral 2-series was designed and built to compete in the United States Road Racing Championship and other races of the time, particularly the West Coast Pro Series that were held each fall. Hall had significant "under the table" assistance from GM, including engineering and technical support in the development of the car and its automatic transmission (this is evidenced by the similarity between the Chevy Corvette GS-II "research and development" model and the Chaparral 2A through 2C models).
First raced in late 1963, the Chaparral 2 developed into a highly competitive car in the Can-Am series in 1966 and 1967. Designed for the 200-mile races of the Can-Am series, it was also a winner in longer endurance races. In 1965, it shocked the sports car world by winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in a pouring rainstorm, on one of the roughest tracks in North America.
The Chaparral 2 featured the innovative use of fiberglass as a chassis material. The Chaparral 2C had a conventional aluminum chassis.
It is very difficult to identify all iterations of the car as new ideas were being tested continually.
- The 2A is the car as originally raced, featuring a very conventional sharp edge to cut through the air. It also featured a concave tail reminiscent of the theories of Wunibald Kamm. The first aerodynamic appendages began to appear on the 2A almost immediately to cure an issue with the front end being very light at speed with a consequent impact on steering accuracy and driver confidence.
- As the car evolved, it grew and changed shape. Most call these 2B and were raced through the end of 1965.
- The 2C introduced the innovative in-car adjustable rear wing. The integrated spoiler-wing was designed to lie flat for low drag on the straights and tip-up under braking through the corners. The car's clutchless, semi-automatic transmission kept the driver's left foot free to operate the wing mechanism. The 2C was based on a Chevrolet-designed aluminum chassis and was a smaller car in every dimension than the 2B. Without the natural non-resonant damping of the fiberglass chassis, Hap Sharp nicknamed it the EBJ — "eyeball jiggler".
Alongside the development of aerodynamics was Hall's development of race tires. Jim Hall owned Rattlesnake Raceway, located adjacent to his race shop; its proximity allowed him to participate in much of Firestone's race tire development.
A two-article series in Car and Driver magazine featured Hall's design theories, turning speculation about vehicle handling into applied physics. Hall's theories were the precursor to the elaborate data collection and management of current racing teams.
The
The 2E was based on the Chevrolet-designed aluminum 2C chassis and presented Hall's most advanced aerodynamic theories to the racing world in 1966. The 2E established the paradigm for virtually all racing cars built since.[3] It was startling in appearance, with its radiators moved from the traditional location in the nose to two ducted pods on either side of the cockpit and a large pivoting variable-incidence wing-mounted several feet above the rear of the car on struts. As opposed to an aircraft wing, it generated downforce instead of lift and was attached directly to the rear suspension uprights, loading the tires for extra adhesion while cornering. A ducted nose channeled air from the front of the car upwards, creating extra downforce as well. By depressing a floor pedal that was in the position of the clutch in other cars, Hall was able to feather or flatten out, the "normally" negative-incidence wing's angle when downforce was not needed (as on a straight track section) to reduce drag and increase top speed. An interconnected air dam also closed off the nose ducting for streamlining. When the pedal was released, the front ducting and wing returned to full downforce position. Until they were banned, many race cars, including some in Formula One, had wings on tall struts. The resulting accidents from their failures led to pivoting wings mounted on the suspension prior to being fully banned.
The 2E scored only one win, at the 1966
The 2E was a crowd favorite and remains Hall's favorite car.
In the
The 1967 2G was a development of the 2E. It featured wider tires and a 427 cu in aluminum Chevrolet V-8 engine. While on par with its competitors in terms of power, the lightweight 2C chassis was stretched to the limit and it was only Hall's driving skills that kept the car competitive. For the 1968 Can-Am series, still larger tires were added to increase grip.
Hall's racing career was effectively ended in a severe crash at the
Hall noted that the increasing downforce also created enormous drag. Seeking a competitive edge, the highly advanced 2H was built in 1968 as the replacement for the 2G to minimize drag. Not only was it extremely slippery, it was narrow to reduce frontal area. Development problems kept it out of the Can Am series, forcing Hall to update the 2G for the 1968 series, during which his catastrophic accident occurred. Hall was consistently the best driver for Chaparral and knew how to get the best out of his cars. John Surtees was brought in as driver for the 1969 Can Am series but never figured out how to drive the 2H to take advantage of its low drag potential. Surtees complained he couldn't see out of the car and demanded a redesign which ruined the aerodynamics, then ran the rear wing almost upright, negating any advantage of the compact slippery shape. Ultimately, by 1969 the massive amount of power being generated from the big block Chevrolet engines that Hall effectively debugged in 1967 and 1968, downforce was more important than low drag. Had the 2H kept the low drag shape but with a wider track it most likely would have been very competitive, but the true monocoque construction made changes to the chassis almost impossible. Beautifully constructed, the 2H looks as if it was made by NASA.
2J
The most unusual Chaparral was the
The 2J competed in the Can-Am series and qualified at least two seconds quicker than the next fastest car, but mechanical problems limited its success. It only ran in the 1970 season, after which it was outlawed by the
2K
The 2K was a Formula One-inspired
Indy car team
1970s
Chaparral started fielding Indy cars in
1980s
By 1980 Unser was replaced by Johnny Rutherford after having disagreements with Hall. The only change to 2K was its number, now four. Rutherford won five races that season, including the
1990s
In the
Museum
In 2005, a wing of the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum in Midland, Texas, was dedicated to the permanent display of the remaining Chaparral cars and the history of their development. The cars are driven from time to time at the museum grounds to keep them running properly.
Tributes
- The 2005 Monterey Sports Car Championships at Laguna Seca Raceway in 1964.[22]
- In the CART, and also to commemorate his final professional race. An exhibition race featuring the Acura and three Chaparrals was held that Friday with Hall performed a demonstration lap shortly before the race.
Complete PPG CART Indycar World Series results
(key)
Year | Chassis | Engine | Drivers | No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Pts Pos | Pos | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chaparral Cars | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1979
|
PHX | ATL | INDY | TRT | MCH | WGL | TRT | ONT | MCH | ATL | PHX | ||||||||||||||||
Lola T500 | Cosworth DFX | Al Unser | 2 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4th | 2,163 | ||||||||||||||||||
Chaparral 2K | 22 | 2 | 12 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Lola T500 | Dennis Firestone (R) | 86 | 31 | NC | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1980
|
ONT | INDY | MIL | POC | MDO | MCH | WGL | MIL | ONT | MCH | MXC | PHX | |||||||||||||||
Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX | Johnny Rutherford
|
4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 1st | 4,723 | ||||||||||
1981
|
PHX | MIL | ATL | MCH | RIV | MIL | MCH | WGL | MXC | PHX | |||||||||||||||||
Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX | Johnny Rutherford
|
1 | 1* | 6 | 2* | 3 | 22 | 21 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 26 | 21 | 5th | 120 | |||||||||||
1982
|
PHX | ATL | MIL | CLE | MCH | MIL | POC | RIV | ROA | MCH | PHX | ||||||||||||||||
Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX | Johnny Rutherford
|
5 | 4 | 15 | 23 | 28 | 17 | 12 | 3 | 12 | DNS | 21 | 12th | 62 | ||||||||||||
Hall-VDS Racing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1991
|
SFR | LBH | PHX | INDY | MIL | DET | POR | CLE | MEA | TOR | MCH | DEN | VAN | MDO | ROA | NAZ | LAG | ||||||||||
Lola T91/00 | Chevrolet 265A | John Andretti | 5 | 1 | 18 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 19 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 19 | 9 | 19 | 8th | 105 | |||||
1992
|
SFR
|
PHX | LBH | INDY | DET | POR | MIL | NHA | TOR | MCH | CLE | ROA | VAN | MDO | NAZ | LAG | |||||||||||
Lola T92/00 | Chevrolet 265A | John Andretti | 8 | 6 | 6 | 20 | 8 | 21 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 15 | 4 | 18 | 5 | 8th | 94 | ||||||
Didier Theys | 38 | DNQ | 40th | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1993
|
SFR | PHX | LBH | INDY | MIL | DET | POR | CLE | TOR | MCH | NHA | ROA | VAN | MDO | NAZ | LAG | |||||||||||
Lola T93/07 | Chevrolet 265C | Teo Fabi | 8 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 22 | 25 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 24 | 11 | 8 | 11th | 64 | ||||||
1994
|
SFR | PHX | LBH | INDY | MIL | DET | POR | CLE | TOR | MCH | MDO | NHA | VAN | ROA | NAZ | LAG | |||||||||||
Reynard 94i
|
Ilmor 265D | Teo Fabi | 11 | 7 | 26 | 9 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 27 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 9th | 79 | ||||||
Jim Hall Racing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1995
|
MIA | SFR | PHX | LBH | NAZ | INDY | MIL | DET | POR | ROA | TOR | CLE | MCH | MDO | NHA | VAN | LAG | ||||||||||
Reynard 95i
|
Mercedes-Benz IC108B | Gil de Ferran (R) | 8 | 25 | 16 | 11 | 27 | 19 | 29 | 8 | 16 | 10 | 21 | 16 | 14* | 12 | 24 | 7 | 2 | 1* | 14th | 56 | |||||
1996
|
MIA | RIO | SFR | LBH | NAZ | 500 | MIL | DET
|
POR | CLE | TOR | MCH | MDO | ROA | VAN | LAG | |||||||||||
Reynard 96i
|
Honda HRH V8t | Gil de Ferran | 8 | 2 | 10 | 11 | 5* | 23 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 1* | 18 | 19 | 17 | 25 | 4 | 25 | 6th | 104 |
Jim Hall Racing - IndyCar wins
# | Season | Date | Sanction | Track / Race | No. | Winning Driver | Chassis | Engine | Tire | Grid | Laps Led |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1978 | May 28 | USAC | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 2 | Al Unser | Lola T500 | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 5 | 121 |
2 | June 25 | USAC | Pocono 500 (O)
|
2 | Al Unser (2) | Lola T500 | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 10 | 65 | |
3 | September 3 | USAC | Ontario 500 (O) | 2 | Al Unser (3) | Lola T500 | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 7 | 74 | |
4 | 1979 | October 20 | CART
|
Phoenix International Raceway (O)
|
2 | Al Unser (4) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 138 |
5 | 1980 | April 13 | CART | Ontario (O) | 4 | Johnny Rutherford | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 74 |
6 | May 25 | USAC | Indianapolis 500 (O) | 4 | Johnny Rutherford (2) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 118 | |
7 | July 13 | CART | Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course (R) | 4 | Johnny Rutherford (3) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 4 | 19 | |
8 | July 20 | CART | Michigan (O)
|
4 | Johnny Rutherford (4) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 2 | 62 | |
9 | August 10 | CART | Milwaukee Mile (O)
|
4 | Johnny Rutherford (5) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | Pole | 63 | |
10 | 1981 | March 22 | CART | Phoenix International Raceway (O) | 1 | Johnny Rutherford (6) | Chaparral 2K | Cosworth DFX V8t | Goodyear | 3 | 68 |
11 | 1991 | March 17 | CART | Gold Coast Indy 300 (S) | 4 | John Andretti | Lola T91/00 | Chevrolet 265A V8t | Goodyear | 9 | 4 |
12 | 1995
|
September 10 | CART | Laguna Seca Raceway (R)
|
8 | Gil de Ferran (R) | Reynard 95i | Mercedes-Benz IC108B V8t | Goodyear | 3 | 54 |
13 | 1996
|
June 30 | CART | Grand Prix of Cleveland (S) | 8 | Gil de Ferran (2) | Reynard 96i | Honda HRH V8t | Goodyear | 7 | 34 |
References
- ^ Rong, Blake (July 31, 2016). "The World's First Chaparral Race Car Is Worth Way More Than a Sack of Potatoes". Road&Track. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
- ^ Haney, Paul (November 21, 2001). "Jim Hall Interview". Inside Racing Technology. insideracingtechnology.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
- ^ Jeanes, William (February 1, 2007). "2007 Chapparal 2E". Winding Road Magazine, Issue 17. NextAutos.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c Bissett, Mark (26 June 2014). "'67 Spa 1000km: Chaparral 2F". primotipo.com. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
INFECTED LINK as of June 20, 2017-do not use!
- ^ Sports Car Graphic No. 5 "Chevrolet's Ground-Effects Car" by Burge Hulett
- ^ "Chaparral 2J: Here's How It Worked and What Happened when It Raced". 18 July 2021.
- ^ "Petroleum Museum | Chaparral 2J".
- ^ "'Out of this world' Chaparral 2J fan car: Vic Elford on the machine that blew rivals away". November 2020.
- ^ "1970 Chaparral 2J Chevrolet - Images, Specifications and Information".
- ^ "Jim Hall and the Chaparral 2J: The Story of America's Most Extreme Race Car". 23 January 2017.
- ^ CHAPARRAL – Complete History of Jim Hall's Chaparral Race Cars 1961–1970, by Richard Falconer and Doug Nye, 1992 Motorbooks
- ^ "Chaparral 2j".
- ^ "Mulsanne's Corner: 1970 Chaparral 2J".
- ^ "1970 Chaparral 2J technical and mechanical specifications".
- ^ "Chaparral 2J - Complete Archive - Racing Sports Cars".
- ^ "#Focus – the Chaparral 2K Cosworth Indycar". 10 March 2015.
- ^ "Petroleum Museum | Chaparral 2K".
- ^ "My Favorite Car: Johnny Rutherford".
- ^ "Classic Rewind: Rutherford wins third Indianapolis 500".
- ^ "1979 - 1981 Chaparral 2K Cosworth - Images, Specifications and Information".
- ^ "The Chaparral 2K: An F1-style single-seater on the Indianapolis Super Oval". 4 February 2022.
- ^ iDesign Studios (2007-09-03). "Auto Racing Classics – Hall's Chaparrals – Racing Record". Sandcastle V.I. Retrieved 2012-09-07.