Chapter house

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Chapter House
)
The Chapterhouse at Lincoln Cathedral with flying buttresses surrounding the building
The chapter house of Wells Cathedral, built c. 1300
Canterbury cathedral
Late Renaissance grandeur at Toledo Cathedral, with wooden coffered ceiling

A chapter house or chapterhouse is a building or room that is part of a

canons of the college meet there. The rooms may also be used for other meetings of various sorts; in medieval times monarchs on tour in their territory would often take them over for their meetings and audiences. Synods, ecclesiastical courts
and similar meetings often took place in chapter houses.

Design

Porvoo, Finland

When part of a monastery, the chapter house is generally located on the eastern wing of the cloister, which is next to the church. Since many cathedrals in England were originally monastic foundations, this is a common arrangement there also. Elsewhere it may be a separate building. The chapter house comprises a large space, in order to hold all the monks of the monastery, and is often highly ornamented. Typically there is seating around, often built into, all the walls of the room, often in stone, with the central space left open. The seats for the senior members are often larger than the others, and may be raised on a dais. Usually there is only one doorway, and though the room is well-lit where the location allows, the windows are often too high to allow a view in from outside (or eavesdropping). Many larger chapter houses are designed with vestibules for attendants and those waiting to be called, where opening onto a cloister does not provide such a space. There is often a fireplace, and altars are found in some examples, sometimes added later.

Many medieval rooms use stone vaulting supported by columns in the centre of the space, as used for other more utilitarian large rooms in monasteries with a generous budget. Others have much higher roofs. The shape of the room is usually designed to allow good audibility for speakers from all parts of the room. It may be rectangular, tending towards the square, but octagonal and other near-circular plans are an English speciality, with that at Worcester Cathedral probably the earliest. Most, like those at Wells Cathedral, Lichfield Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and Lacock Abbey, have a single central column from which the high roof vaulting spreads. York Minster has a wooden roof and no central column. Many have elaborate benched arcades round the wall, with crocketed frames for the seats. English chapter houses tend to be more elaborate and highly decorated than Continental ones, and the octagonal shape allowed for spectacular displays of stained glass, now mostly lost, though not at York. Except at Westminster Abbey any paintings have been lost, but English designs, with their emphasis on carved arcades and windows, did not leave the large wall spaces found in most Continental chapter houses.

At Westminster the chapter house, opposite the

Henry VIII. It was converted into the first home of what is now the Public Record Office (the national archives) soon after the English Reformation
, and the late Gothic paintings added behind the seats (see gallery) were preserved hidden behind bookshelves until the 19th century.

In some

boardroom
or meeting room. When it is a separate building, this often consists of just the single main room.

History and uses

The community of monks would meet in the chapter house with the

Complin".[1] The first meeting took place in the morning, after the church services of Prime or Terce
. The monks might sit along the length of the walls in strict age-order, apart from the office-holders.

The

Plan of St Gall (c. 820) is the plan for an ideal 9th century monastery, with a great variety of buildings and rooms, but none that really can be assigned the function of chapterhouse; nor is such a room mentioned by Saint Benedict. But the chapter house is mentioned in the proceedings of the Council of Aachen in 816. The church or cloister may have been used for all meetings in earlier monasteries, or there was usually a refectory
(hall for eating). But by at least 1000 such a room had become normal in large monastic establishments. The east side of the cloister on which the chapter house was often located was usually the first to be constructed; it would have been begun shortly after the church walls were built.

Examples

Chapter House of Bornem Abbey, with the Throne of the Abbot.
The Chapterhouse at Southwell Minster, Nottinghamshire

Important examples of chapter houses from an architectural or artistic point of view can be seen at:

Non-religious use of the circular chapter house style of plan:

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Chapter House" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The Necrology was a list of death anniversaries for the community and persons of interest to it.

External links