Charadriiformes
| Shorebirds | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Several members of the order | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Infraclass: | Neognathae |
| Clade: | Neoaves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes Huxley, 1867 |
| Families | |
|
See text. | |
Charadriiformes (pelagic (seabirds), others frequent deserts, and a few are found in dense forest. Members of this group can also collectively be referred to as shorebirds.
Taxonomy, systematics and evolution
The order was formerly divided into three suborders:
- The waders (or "Charadrii"): typical shorebirds, most of which feed by probing in the mud or picking items off the surface in both coastal and freshwater environments.
- The gulls and their allies (or "Lari"): these are generally larger species which take fish from the sea. Several gulls and skuas will also take food items from beaches, or rob smaller species, and some have become adapted to inland environments.
- The auks (or "Alcae") are coastal species which nest on sea cliffs and "fly" underwater to catch fish.
The
DNA-DNA hybridization technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the Charadriiformes constitute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own.[6]
The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving.[7]
Families
The order Charadriiformes contains 3
- Suborder Charadrii
- Family Burhinidae– stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
- Family Pluvianellidae– Magellanic plover
- Family Chionidae– sheathbills (2 species)
- Family Pluvianidae– Egyptian plover
- Family Charadriidae – plovers (69 species)
- Family Recurvirostridae – stilts, avocets (10 species)
- Family Ibidorhynchidae– ibisbill
- Family Haematopodidae– oystercatchers (12 species)
- Family
- Suborder Scolopaci
- Family Rostratulidae– painted-snipes (3 species)
- Family Jacanidae – jacanas (8 species)
- Family Pedionomidae– plains-wanderer
- Family Thinocoridae– seedsnipes (4 species)
- Family Scolopacidae– sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
- Family
- Suborder Lari
- Family Turnicidae– buttonquails (18 species)
- Family Dromadidae– crab-plover
- Family Glareolidae – coursers, pratincoles (17 species)
- Family Laridae – gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species)
- Family Stercorariidae– skuas (7 species)
- Family Alcidae– auks (25 species)
- Family
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| Phylogeny of the Charadriiformes based a study by Heiner Kuhl and collaborators published in 2020. Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.[8] The suborders are those defined by Joel Cracraft in 2013.[9]
|
Evolutionary history
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
That the Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Alongside the
mya
. Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are:
- "Morsoravis" (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Jutland, Denmark) - a nomen nudum?
- Jiliniornis (Huadian Middle Eocene of Huadian, China) - charadriid?
- Boutersemia (Early Oligocene of Boutersem, Belgium) - glareolid?
- Turnipax (Early Oligocene) - turnicid?
- Elorius (Early Miocene Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
- "Larus" desnoyersii (Early Miocene of SE France) - larid? stercorarid?
- "Larus" pristinus (John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, US) - larid?
- Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?[12]
- Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?[13]
- Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - larid?[14]
- Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary[15]
- "Totanus" teruelensis (Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) - scolopacid? larid?
The "transitional shorebirds" ("
mya already,[16]
and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct waterfowl. Taxa formerly considered graculavids are:
- Laornithidae- charadriiform? gruiform?
- Laornis (Late Cretaceous?)
- "Graculavidae"
- Graculavus (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous - Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) - charadriiform?
- Palaeotringa (Hornerstown Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform?
- Telmatornis (Navesink Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform? gruiform?
- Scaniornis - phoenicopteriform?
- Zhylgaia - presbyornithid?
- Dakotornis
- "Graculavidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Gloucester County, US)
Other wader- or gull-like birds incertae sedis, which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are:
- Ceramornis (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
- "Cimolopteryx" (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
- Palintropus (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
- Torotix (Late Cretaceous)
- Volgavis (Early Paleocene of Volgograd, Russia)
- Eupterornis (Paleocene of France)
- Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco)[17]
- Fluviatitavis (Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal)
Evolution of parental care in Charadriiformes
Shorebirds pursue a larger diversity of parental care strategies than do most other avian orders. They therefore present an attractive set of examples to support the understanding of the evolution of parental care in avians generally.[18] The ancestral avian most likely had a female parental care system.[19] The shorebird ancestor specifically evolved from a bi-parental care system, yet the species within the clade Scolopacidae evolved from a male parental care system. These transitions might have occurred for several reasons. Brooding density is correlated with male parental care. Male care systems in birds are shown to have a very low breeding density while female care systems in birds have a high breeding density. (Owens 2005). Certain rates of male and female mortality, male and female egg maturation rate, and egg death rate have been associated with particular systems as well.[20] It has also been shown that sex role reversal is motivated by the male-biased adult sex ratio.[21] The reason for such diversity in shorebirds, compared to other birds, has yet to be understood.
See also
Footnotes
- S2CID 85141394.
- ISSN 0031-0301.
- ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.
- ^ PMID 32781465.
- bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.15.452585.
- ^ Fain & Houde (2004)
- ^ Ericson et al. (2003), Paton et al. (2003), Thomas et al. (2004a,b), van Tuinen et al. (2004), Paton & Baker (2006)
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List Version 11.2". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
- PMID 17284401.
- ^ Case, J. A. and C. P. Tambussi. 1999. Maastrichtian record of neornithine birds in Antarctica: comments on a Late Cretaceous radiation
- MNZ S42416) and proximal left carpometacarpi (MNZ S42415, S42435) of a bird the size of a red-necked stint: Worthy et al. (2007)
- ^ Several wing and thorax bones of a bird the size of a double-banded plover: Worthy et al. (2007)
- MNZ S42681, S42736) and proximal right scapula (MNZ S41058) of a bird apparently similar to the black-billed gull but almost the size of a kelp gull: Worthy et al. (2007)
- ^ Gál et al. (1998-99)
- S2CID 140700031.
- ^ A wading bird the size of a white stork (Ciconia ciconia): Bourdon (2005)
- ISSN 0065-3454.
- ^ Tullberg, B. S., M. Ah–King and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parental–care systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 251–257.
- ^ Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi‐parental care. Ecology and Evolution. 3: 792–806.
- ^ Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.
References
- Bourdon, Estelle (2006): L'avifaune du Paléogène des phosphates du Maroc et du Togo: diversité, systématique et apports à la connaissance de la diversification des oiseaux modernes (Neornithes) ["Paleogene avifauna of phosphates of Morocco and Togo: diversity, systematics and contributions to the knowledge of the diversification of the Neornithes"]. Doctoral thesis, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle [in French]. HTML abstract
- Ericson, Per G.P.; Envall, I.; Irestedt, M. & Norman, J.A. (2003): Inter-familial relationships of the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) based on nuclear DNA sequence data.
- Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004): Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. PMID 15612298 PDF fulltext
- Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 23: 33–78. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
- Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi‐parental care. Ecology and Evolution. 3: 792–806.
- Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.
- Owens, I.P. 2002. Male–only care and classical polyandry in birds: phylogeny, ecology and sex differences in remating opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 283–293.
- Paton, Tara A. & Baker, Allan J. (2006): Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. PMID 16531074(HTML abstract)
- Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. PMID 13678682(HTML abstract)
- Székely, T and J.D. Reynolds. 1995. Evolutionary transitions in parental care in shorebirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 262: 57–64.
- Thomas, Gavin H.; Székely, Tamás; Reynolds, John D. (2007). "Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds". Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 37. Elsevier. pp. 279–342. ISSN 0065-3454.
- Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004a): Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-b gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling. (HTML abstract)
- Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny.
- Tullberg, B. S., M. Ah–King and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parental–care systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 251–257.
- van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships.
- (HTML abstract)
