Charles Edward Mudie

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Charles Edward Mudie
Mudie by Frederick Waddy (1872)
Born(1818-10-18)18 October 1818
Chelsea, London, England
Died28 October 1890(1890-10-28) (aged 72)
Occupation(s)Publisher, book seller, lending library proprietor

Charles Edward Mudie (18 October 1818 – 28 October 1890), English publisher and founder of Mudie's Lending Library and Mudie's Subscription Library, was the son of a second-hand bookseller and newsagent. Mudie's efficient distribution system and vast supply of texts revolutionized the circulating library movement, while his "select" library influenced Victorian middle-class values and the structure of the three-volume novel. He was also the first publisher of James Russell Lowell's poems in England, and of Emerson's Man Thinking.[1]

Early life

Charles Edward Mudie was born in 1818 to Scottish parents in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. He received most of his education by assisting in the family newspaper shop until he was twenty-two.[2] In 1840, Mudie opened his first shop on Upper King Street, Bloomsbury.[3]

Mudie's Lending Library

Mudie originally opened his

New Oxford Street,[7] at its junction with Museum Street and Hart Street, just a few yards south of the British Museum.[8] The Vienna Café, a haunt of artists and writers using the British Museum Reading Room, stood opposite the library on New Oxford Street.[9] Mudie's soon had outlets on Cross Street in Manchester and on New Street in Birmingham.

Sketch of the interior of Mudie's Lending Library, 509, 510 & 511 New Oxford Street, London.

London book deliveries were carried out by vans, and the expansion of railroads and trains allowed people to order books across the country. International orders were also issued and shipped abroad in tin boxes.[10] Mudie's also exported books using watertight boxes, some of which were reported to have survived shipwreck.[11]

Mudie was able to offer publishers advance purchase of three or four hundred copies of their new books, and he obtained corresponding discounts. The company's withdrawn books were offered for sale at £5 for a hundred volumes in 1860.[8]

In the Victorian era, the cost of novels exceeded the means of most middle-class Englishmen,[12] so popular lending-libraries like Mudie's had a strong influence over the public — and thus over authors and publishers. Mudie's demands that fiction novels be suited to the middle-class family controlled the morality, subject, and scope of the novel for fifty years.[13] His "select" books were carefully chosen with these his standards in mind; once the Mudie Library considered a book unfit for its customers, other libraries followed suit. The rise of the three-volume novel can be directly attributed to this influence, and Mudie's refusal to stock immoral books and "novels of questionable character or inferior quality",[14] such as George Moore's A Modern Lover (1883), A Mummer's Wife (1885) and A Drama in Muslin (1886), also had an effect on the direction of Victorian literature.

George Moore criticized the moral and structural power the circulating library system had on literary distribution. His response to censorship was to issue a number of polemics against circulating libraries, the most popular being Literature at Nurse, or Circulating Morals. He confronted Mudie on why the librarian refused to sell A Modern Lover. Mudie's response:

"Your book was considered immoral. Two ladies from the country wrote to me objecting to that scene where the girl sat to the artist as a model for Venus. After that I naturally refused to circulate your book, unIess any customer said he wanted particularly to read Mr. Moore's novel."[15]

Mudie was also crucial in the success of scientific volumes – In November 1859 he bought 500 copies of the first publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.[16] In fact, much of Darwin's own reading was obtained from Mudie's nonfiction collection. His five-guinea annual subscription allowed him to borrow a parcel of up to six recently-published books a month.[17]

In 1860 the company's New Oxford Street premises were substantially enlarged, and new branches of the business were subsequently established in other English cities such as York, Manchester, and Birmingham. (Competitors of Mudie's in London in the 1870s included circulating libraries of Bolton, Day, Miles, Rolandi,

Hookham's).[19] Mudie's library continued into the 1930s.[20] The decline of Mudie's eventually came as a result of the rising number of government-funded public libraries, which offered similar services at a much-reduced rate.[21]

In literature and popular culture

Mudie's Library is mentioned in the H. G. Wells classic The Invisible Man: "We crawled past Mudie's, and there a tall woman with five or six yellow-labelled books hailed my cab, and I sprang out just in time to escape her, shaving a railway van narrowly in my flight. I made off up the roadway to Bloomsbury Square, intending to strike north past the Museum and so get into the quiet district."

Virginia Woolf refers to Mudie's Library several times in her 1922 novel Jacob's Room. From chapter 9: "Time is issued to spinster ladies of wealth in long white ribbons. These they wind round and round, round and round, assisted by five female servants, a butler, a fine Mexican parrot, regular meals, Mudie's library, and friends dropping in."

The manga Emma, which takes place in Victorian England, features Mudie's Lending Library.

In W. S. Gilbert’s Bab Ballads, naval Captain Reece is praised for promoting the comfort of his crew: "New volumes came across the sea / From MISTER MUDIE'S libraree; / The Times and Saturday Review / Beguiled the leisure of the crew."

In The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, first produced in 1895, young Cecily Cardew, ward of a well-to-do gentleman living in Hertfordshire, speaking to her teacher Miss Prism about "memory" says that "it usually chronicles the things that have never happened, and couldn't possibly have happened. I believe that Memory is responsible for nearly all the three-volume novels that Mudie sends to us." Act II, Sc. 1.

Mudie’s Library—and the reading of novels in general—are mentioned frequently throughout the six Palliser novels by Anthony Trollope. In Can You Forgive Her?, Alice, newly arrived at Matching Priory, informs Jeffrey Palliser:

"I have amused myself by reading." "Ah; they never do that here. I have heard that there is a library, but the clue to it has been lost, and nobody now knows the way. I don’t believe in libraries. Nobody ever goes into a library to read, any more than you would into a larder to eat. But there is this difference;—the food you consume does come out of the larders, but the books you read never come out of the libraries." "Except Mudie’s," said Alice.

In The Prime Minister, among the shameful economies Ferdinand Lopez forces his wife, Emily Wharton, to endure is the cancellation of their subscription to Mudie’s.

References

  1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  2. ^ Curwen, Henry (1 January 1873). A History of Booksellers, the Old and the New. Chatto and Windus, Publishers.
  3. OL 14020865M
  4. ^ "Mudie's Select Library and the Form of Victorian Fiction". www.victorianweb.org. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  5. ^ Henry Curwen (1874). A History of Booksellers, the Old and the New. Chatto & Windus. p. 425.
  6. ISBN 978-1-136-71617-1
    .
  7. ^ "London". Hodson's Booksellers, Publishers and Stationers' Directory. London: W.H. Hodson. 1855.
  8. ^ a b Priestland, Neal (2 July 2008). "Bromley House Library 1816 to 1916 "M"". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  9. ^ Yeats, William Butler (2005). The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats: Volume IV, 1905–1907. Edited by John Kelly and Ronald Schuchard. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 21, n. 3.
  10. ISBN 978-1-317-86332-8
    .
  11. ^ Wilson, Nicola (3 November 2022). "'New Boxes Come Across the Sea': Exploring the Transnational Victorian Library". Centre for Book Cultures and Publishing. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  12. ISBN 0-226-24117-3
    .
  13. ^ "Mudie's Select Library and the Form of Victorian Fiction".
  14. ^ Nancy Spiegel (5 May 2011). "Circulating libraries: library history and architecture". University of Chicago Library News. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  15. ^ Moore, George (10 December 1884). "The New Censorship of Literature". Pall Mall Gazette.
  16. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3
  17. ISBN 978-0-307-79368-3
    .
  18. ^ "Circulating and Lending Libraries". Handbook to London as It Is. London: John Murray. 1879. p. 63.
  19. JSTOR 2932540
    .
  20. ISBN 1-57958-244-3
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4
    .

Attribution:

Sources

Mudies Select Library, illustration in London Society, 1869
  • Trafficking in Literary Authority: Mudie's Select Library And The Commodification Of The Victorian Novel, L Roberts – Victorian Literature and Culture, 2006 – Cambridge Univ Press
  • A Victorian Leviathan: Mudie's Select Library, Guinevere L. Griest, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 20, No. 2, 103–126. Sep. 1965
  • Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 72–73. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  • Katz, Peter J. “Redefining the Republic of Letters: The Literary Public and Mudie’s Circulating Library.” Journal of Victorian Culture 22, no. 3 (2017): 399–417.

Further reading

Catalogs
About Mudie's

External links

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