Charles Fletcher Lummis
Charles Fletcher Lummis (March 1, 1859, in
Early life and career
Charles Fletcher Lummis was born in 1859, in
In 1880, at the age of 21, Lummis married
Transcontinental walk
In 1884, Lummis was working for a newspaper in Cincinnati and was offered a job with the
Editor at the Los Angeles Times
Upon his arrival, Lummis was offered the job of the first City Editor of the Los Angeles Times. He covered a multitude of interesting stories from the new and growing community. Work was hard and demanding under the pace set by publisher Harrison Gray Otis. Lummis was happy until he suffered from a mild stroke that left his left side paralyzed.[6]
New Mexico
In 1888, Lummis moved to
Pueblo People of Isleta
Somewhat recovered from his paralysis, Lummis was able to win over the confidence of the
In Isleta, Lummis divorced his first wife and married Eva Douglas, who lived in the village and was the sister-in-law of an English trader. Somehow he convinced Eva to stay with Dorothea in Los Angeles until the divorce went through. In the meantime, Lummis became entangled in fights with the U.S. government agents over Native American education. In this period, the government was pushing assimilation and had established Native American boarding schools. It charged its agents with recruiting Native American children for the schools, where they were usually forced to give up traditional clothing and hair styles, and prevented from speaking their own languages or using their own customs. They were often prohibited from returning home during holidays or vacation periods, or their families were too poor to afford such travel. Lummis persuaded the government to allow 36 children from the Albuquerque Indian School to return to their homes.
While in Isleta, he made friends with Father Anton Docher from France;[7] he was the missionary Padre of Isleta.[8] They both also befriended Adolph Bandelier. While living in Isleta, Lummis boarded in the home of Juan Rey Abeita.[9] In 1890, he traveled with Bandelier to study the indigenous people of the area.
Preservationist
As president of the Landmarks Club of Southern California (an all-volunteer, privately funded group dedicated to the preservation of California's Spanish missions), Lummis noted that the historic structures "...were falling to ruin with frightful rapidity, their roofs being breached or gone, the adobe walls melting under the winter rains."[10] Lummis wrote in 1895, "In ten years from now—unless our intelligence shall awaken at once—"there will remain of these noble piles nothing but a few indeterminable heaps of adobe. We shall deserve and shall have the contempt of all thoughtful people if we suffer our noble missions to fall."[11]
Magazine editor
In 1892, Lummis published Some Strange Corners of Our Country, recounting some of the areas and sights he had discovered. Between 1893 and 1894, he spent 10 months traveling in Peru with Bandelier.
After the men's return, Lummis and Eva returned to Los Angeles with their year-old daughter, Turbese. Unemployed, Lummis landed the position of editor of a regional magazine, Land of Sunshine. The magazine was renamed . Over his 11 years as editor, Lummis also wrote more than 500 pieces for the magazine, as well as a popular monthly commentary called "In the Lion's Den".
Native American rights activist
Lummis also established a new Native American rights group called the "Sequoya League", after the noted early 19th-century
Later life
In 1905, Lummis took the position as City Librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library.[13] Lummis replaced Mary Jones as City Librarian even though he had no prior library training.[14] He was criticized for the way he ran the library and insisted on doing most of the work at home. He resigned from that sole source of income in 1911, and worked to establish the Southwest Museum while engaged in a bitter and public divorce with his wife Eva.
In that year Lummis went blind, which he attributed to a "jungle fever" contracted while in Guatemala exploring the Mayan ruins of Quiriguá.[15] After more than a year of blindness, during which he might appear in public with his eyes covered by a bandanna or wearing dark amber glasses, he regained his sight. Some privately doubted Lummis actually went blind. Among them was John Muir, who said so in a letter to him and encouraged him to get more rest.
In 1915, Lummis married his third wife, Gertrude, at El Alisal.[16]
By 1918, he was destitute. In 1923, the Southwest Museum Board named him founder emeritus and gave him a small stipend. In 1925, Lummis also decided to enlarge, revise, and republish Some Strange Corners of Our Country as Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo. He also engaged in a renewed civil rights crusade on behalf of the Pueblo Indians.
Death
Lummis died November 25, 1928.[17] He was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a vault in a wall at El Alisal.[18] Supporters bought his home El Alisal, which was until 2015 used as the headquarters of the Historical Society of Southern California.
Legacy and honors
Lummis' cultural influence remains today, including a lasting imprint on the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. The home he built, The Lummis House, and the museum he founded, The Southwest Museum, are located within 0.7 miles of each other and remain open to the public for limited hours on weekends.
El Alisal (Lummis House)
Lummis purchased a 3-acre plot around 1895 and spent 13 years building what would become a 4,000-square-foot stone home with an exhibition hall, calling it El Alisal. He frequently entertained, with parties he called "noises" for various writers, artists, and other prominent figures. The parties usually included a lavish Spanish dinner with dancing and music performed by his own private troubadour. The extravaganzas wore out a number of female assistants or "secretaries" conscripted into working on them.[16]
The Lummis House was donated to the Southwest Museum in 1910 and then sold in 1943 to the state of California, which transferred it to the city in 1971. The Historical Society of Southern California took occupancy in 1965, using it as headquarters and helping manage the property, eventually leaving in 2014. Open to the public as a museum and park on Saturdays and Sundays, the site also serves as a focus for Lummis Day activities (see below).
Southwest Museum
By 1907, Lummis had founded the
The Southwest Museum operated independently until 2003, when it was merged into the Autry Museum of the American West. The Autry launched a multi-year conservation project to preserve the enormous collection amassed by Lummis and his successors. Much of the material was moved off-site, but The Southwest Museum has maintained an ongoing public exhibit on Pueblo pottery that is free of charge and open on Saturdays only.[19][20]
Lummis Day Festival
Beginning in 2006, the annual Lummis Day Festival was established by the Lummis Day Community Foundation. It holds the festival in Lummis' honor on the first Sunday in June, drawing people to El Alisal and Heritage Square Museum for poetry readings, art exhibits, music, dance performances, and family activities. The foundation is a non-profit organization of community activists and arts organization leaders.[citation needed]
Publications
- Birch Bark Poems. C F Lummis. 1883
- A New Mexico David and Other Stories & Sketches of The Southwest. Scribner's. 1891
- Some strange corners of our country: the wonderland of the Southwest. 1892
- A Tramp Across The Continent (1892)
- My Friend Will. 1894
- The Gold Fish of Gran Chimu: A Novel. Lamson, Wolffe. 1896
- The Enchanted Burro: Stories of New Mexico & South America. 1897
- The awakening of a nation: Mexico of to-day. 1898
- The Landmarks Club Cook Book: A California Collection of the Choicest Recepes from Everywhere. The Out West Company. 1903
- Pueblo Indian Folk Stories. The Century Company. 1910
- The King Of The Broncos and Other Stories of New Mexico. Scribner's. 1915
- The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions (1936) Full book online at The Internet Archive. 1920
- The Prose of It (poem on Geronimo). c. 1926
- A Bronco Pegasus: Poems. Houghton Mifflin. 1928
- Flowers Of Our Lost Romance (1909) Full book online at The Internet ArchiveHoughton Mifflin. 1929
- New Mexican Folk Songs. UNM Press. 1952
- General Crook and the Apache Wars. 1966
- Bullying The Moqui. 1968
- Dateline Fort Bowie: Charles Fletcher Lummis Reports on an Apache War. 1979
- A Tramp Across the Continent. University of Nebraska Press. 1982. ISBN 0-8032-7908-6
- Letters From The Southwest: September 20, 1884 to March 14, 1885. 1989
- Mesa, Cañon and Pueblo. University Press of the Pacific. 2004. ISBN 1-4102-1543-1
- Pueblo Indian Folk-Stories. Forgotten Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8032-7938-4
- The Land of Poco Tiempo. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1897.
- The Man Who Married the Moon and Other Pueblo Indian Folk Tales. (1891)
References
- ^ "Charles Fletcher Lummis". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University.
- ^ "Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California.
- ^ "LUMMIS, Charles Fletcher". The International Who's Who in the World. 1912. p. 720.
- ^ Lummis, Charles F., A Tramp Across the Continent. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1920), p.2
- ^ "A Newspaper Tramp". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1884. p. 3.
- ^ Pool, Bob (November 11, 2014). "Historic Lummis House faces an uncertain future". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Gance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. L'Harmattan. pp. 155–159.
- ^ Julia Keleher; Elsie Ruth Chant (2009). The Padre of Isleta. Sunstone Press. pp. 22, 37, 88.
- ^ Charles F. Lummis: The Man and His West. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 49, 51 and 70.
- ^ Thompson, pp. 185–186
- ^ Lummis, Charles Fletcher (1895). Past Campaigns.
- OCLC 702604648
- ^ "Corduroys In Library". Los Angeles Times. June 28, 1905. p. I7.
- ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8.
- ^ "The Curious Blindness of Charles F. Lummis". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129. May 2011.
- ^ a b c "Historic Tree Nuptial Bower". Los Angeles Times. May 10, 1915. p. II1.
- ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8.
- ^ "Lummis Rites Tomorrow". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1928. p. A1.
- ^ "Southwest Museum". Met News. 2014.
- ^ "Four Centuries of Pueblo Pottery". Autry Museum of the American West. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Bibliography
- Bingham, Edwin R. (2006). Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest. Huntington Library. ISBN 978-0-87328-221-5.
- California Missions Foundation (2005). "Past Campaigns". Missionsofcalifornia.org/. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- Deverell, William (2004). Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-21869-8.
- Fleming, Robert E. (2001). "Charles F. Lummis". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- Gance, Samuel (2013). ISBN 978-2-336-29016-4. 208 p. (Devotes chapter XIV "Chas" to Lummis) Historical novel.
- Gordon, Dudley (1972). Charles F. Lummis: crusader in corduroy. Cultural Assets Press. p. 290.
- Keleher, Julia M.; Chant, Elsie Ruth (2009). The Padre of Isleta: The Story of Father ISBN 978-0-86534-714-4.
- Padget, Martin (2006). Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest, 1840-1935. university of New Mexico Press.
- Simmons, Marc (2008). Charles F. Lummis: Author and Adventurer: A Gathering. Sunstone Books. ISBN 978-0-86534-639-0.
- Thompson, Mark (2001). American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest. Arcade Publishing, New York. ISBN 1-55970-550-7.
Further reading
- LCC F786 .W73 1999(devotes chapter 4 "The Showman with the Shining Right Hand" to Lummis)
External links
- "Institute for the Study of Los Angeles". Occidental College. 17 September 2018.
- "Lummis Day Community Foundation & Festival". Lummis Day. Official website
- "Southwest Museum". theautry.org. Mt. Washington Campus. Official website
- "The Lummis House and Gardens". laparks.org. 20 August 2015. Official site
Archival collections
- "Finding Aid to the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers". Braun Research Library Collection, Autry National Center; MS.1. Los Angeles, California.
- "Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California.
- "Finding Aid for the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers, 1889-1928". UCLA, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library.
- "Guide to the Charles Lummis Photographs". Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library, Claremont, California.
Other
- Works by Charles F. Lummis at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Charles Fletcher Lummis at Internet Archive
- Works by Charles Fletcher Lummis at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Mark Thompson, author of American Character, a biography of Charles Fletcher Lummis
- Charles Fletcher Lummis Manuscript Collection at the Autry National Center
- Charles F. Lummis Page at Spirit of America
- "Charles F. Lummis" by Robert E. Fleming in the Western Writers Series Digital Editions at Boise State University
- Article, with archival photos, about Charles Fletcher Lummis – L.A. as Subject/KCET
- Joe Walker (February 11, 2003). "Charles Fletcher Lummis". Journalist. Find a Grave. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
- "Sunday's Lummis Fest Recalls Infancy of Los Angeles Cultural Venues" Los Angeles Times, May 30, 2012 "Sunday's Lummis Day fest recalls infancy of L.A. cultural venues - Los Angeles Times". articles.latimes.com. 30 May 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2020.