Charles François Dumouriez
Charles François Dumouriez | |
---|---|
French Army | |
Years of service | 1758–1814 |
Rank | Divisional general |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Minister of Foreign Affairs (France) |
Signature |
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (French pronunciation:
With General
Early life
Dumouriez was born in Cambrai, on the Scheldt River in
northern France, to parents of noble rank. His father, Antoine-François du Périer, served as a commissary of the royal army, and educated his son most carefully and widely. He continued his studies in Paris at the
Dumouriez then visited Italy, Spain and Corsica, and his memoranda to the
In 1772, upon returning to Paris, Dumouriez sought a military position from the
Upon his release, Dumouriez married his cousin, a certain Mademoiselle de Broissy. In the meantime, Dumouriez had turned his attention to the internal state of his own country, and amongst the very numerous memoranda which he sent to the government was a project on the defence of
Political career
At the outbreak of the
He then attached himself to the
On the king's dismissal of
On August 24, 1792, Dumouriez wrote to his ally General
Army of the North
Supported by minister Lebrun-Tondu, he declared in the National Convention on 12 October that he would liberate the Belgians and the Liège people. On 27 October 1792, he invaded the
The Decree insured that any plan concerning Belgium would fail due to a lack of popular support among the Belgians.Dumouriez wanted to establish an independent Belgian state, free of Austrian control, which would act as a buffer on France's eastern borders, but that would not worry the British. To achieve this he began negotiations with the local authorities in Belgium, but on 15 December the Convention passed a decree ordering the military commanders in the occupied territories to implement all revolutionary laws.[17]
War with the Dutch Republic
Returning to Paris on 1 January 1793, Dumouriez encountered popular ovation, but he gained less sympathy from the revolutionary government. On 12 January he had a meeting with
To declare war had always been a
On 11 March, Dumouriez addressed the Brussels assembly, apologizing for the actions of the French commissioners and looting soldiers.
Dumouriez prevented the execution of the decrees of 15 and 27 December, according to Robespierre.
Dumouriez' defection
On 25 March Robespierre became one of members of the Committee of General Defence, to coordinate the war effort.[44]
By the end of the month Robespierre called for the removal of Dumouriez, who in his eyes aspired to become a Belgian dictator.
Robespierre was convinced Brissot and Dumouriez wanted to overthrow the
On 4 April the convention declared Dumouriez a traitor and outlaw and put a price on his head.
In Brussels Dumouriez met with
The French armies took positions behind the frontier. The Army of Holland deployed near Lille, the Army of the Ardennes at Maulde, the Army of the North at Saint-Amand, and the Army of Belgium at Condé-sur-l'Escaut and Valenciennes.[66]
Later life and death
Following his defection on 5 April 1793, Dumouriez remained in Brussels for a short time, and then travelled to Cologne, seeking a position at the elector's court. He soon learned he had become an object of suspicion among his countrymen, the royal houses, aristocracies, and clergy of Europe. In response, Dumouriez wrote and published in Hamburg (1794) a first volume of memoirs in which he offered his version of the previous year's events. He became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon as well as an adviser to the British government. Dumouriez wrote political pamphlets and letters analyzing the coastal defence of England and Ireland.[67][68]
Dumouriez now wandered from country to country, occupied in ceaseless royalist intrigues, until 1804 when he settled in England, where the British government granted him a pension. He became a valuable adviser to the
In 1808 Castlereagh had been warned by Dumouriez that the best policy England could adopt with respect to colonies in Spanish America was to relinquish all ideas of military conquest by Arthur Wellesley and instead support the emancipation of the territories. Furthermore, Dumouriez suggested that once emancipation was achieved, a constitutional monarchy should be established with the exiled Duke of Orleans as King.[70]
In 1814 and 1815, he endeavoured to procure from
References
- ^ P.C. Howe (1982) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 179-180
- ^ Banat 2006, p. 396.
- ^ a b c "La vie et les mémoires du général Dumouriez". 1822.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dumouriez, Charles François". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 667. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ "Charles François du Perrier Dumouriez (1739-1823)".
- ^ "Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez | French general | Britannica". 21 January 2024.
- ^ Mémoires 2, p. 247
- ^ a b P.C. Howe, p. 2
- ^ a b Brace, Richard Munthe, General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792-1793, in The American Historical Review, Vol. 56, No. 3, (April, 1951), pp. 493-509.
- ^ Savage, Gary. Favier’s Heirs: The French Revolution and the Secret du Roi, in The Historical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, (March 1998), pp. 225-258.
- ^ "From Hero To 'Traitor': The French Revolution." Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. <http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/english/traitor/>
- ^ Dumouriez, Charles François. "Letter to General François Kellermann". 24 August 1792.<http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/pdf/REX029_051.pdf>
- ^ "Department of History." Illustrations from Révolutions De Paris | Department of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
- ^ J. Rosendaal, p. 349, 351, 355, 361
- ^ Hubrecht G. Les assignats en Belgique. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 29, fasc. 2-3, 1951. pp. 455-459. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.1951.2098 www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1951_num_29_2_2098
- ^ P.C. Howe, p. 117-119, 123,
- ^ Rickard, J. (2009), Charles François Dumouriez, 1739-1823
- ^ J. Rosendaal, p. 369
- ^ J. Rosendaal, p. 370-371
- ^ Richard Munthe Brace: General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792–1793. In American Historical Review 56, Nr. 3, (1951), S. 499 f.
- ^ Banat 2006, p. 379.
- ^ Mémoires du général Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 67, 78, 123
- ^ J. Rosendaal, p. 371
- ^ J. Rosendaal, pp. 389, 693; note 168
- ^ P.C. Howe (2018) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 154
- ^ Mémoires du général Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 27, 30, 32, 38, 42, 54
- ^ "Chapter 16. Robespierre’s Putsch ( June 1793)". Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, pp. 420-449. [1]
- ^ Mémoires du général Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 61
- ^ Patricia Chastain Howe (2008) Foreign policy and the French Revolution. Charles-Francois Doyle, Pierre Lebrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789-1793. Palgrave Macmillan, London, p. 159, 172
- ^ Dumouriez par Arthur Chuquet, p. 164
- ^ P.C. Howe, p. 160
- ^ Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793 [2]
- ^ I. Davidson, p. 108, 150
- ^ Sampson Perry (1796) An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution. Band 2, p. 377
- ^ P.C. Howe, p. 162
- ^ "Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [20 November 1798]".
- ^ Mémoires 4, p. 139
- ^ Mémoires du général Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 127
- ^ P.C. Howe, p. 164, 166
- ^ Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793 [3]
- ^ Dumouriez par Arthur Chuquet, p. 185
- ISBN 978-0-8264-3453-1– via Google Books.
- ^ P.C. Howe (1982) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, p. 175-176
- ^ France and Its Revolutions: G. Long (1850) A Pictorial History 1789–1848, p. 265
- ^ P.C. Howe, p. 167
- ^ Dumouriez par Arthur Chuquet, p. 181
- ^ a b Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793 Discours contre Brissot & les girondins
- ^ La vie et les mémoires du général Dumouriez, p. 129
- ^ Thompson, J.M. (1929) Leaders of the French Revolution, p. 215
- ^ a b c Banat 2006, p. 392.
- ^ Bulletin des Amis de la Vérité, 7 avril 1793, p. 2
- ^ Bulletin Du Tribunal Criminel Révolutionnaire, p. 148, 151
- ^ Leleu E. La tentative de Dumouriez sur Lille en 1793. In: Revue du Nord, tome 9, n°34, mai 1923. pp. 81-109. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1923.1342 www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1923_num_9_34_1342
- ^ Le Républicain français, 5 avril 1793; Mercure français, 13 avril 1793
- ^ H. Wallon (1880-1882) Histoire du tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris: avec le journal de ses actes, p. 101-103
- ^ Nouvelles politiques, nationales et étrangères, 6 avril 179
- ^ p. 139, 157-158
- ^ Banat 2006, p. 461.
- ^ La vie et les mémoires du général Dumouriez, p. 149, 157-159, 164-165, 175-176, 187-188, 207
- ^ a b Un Général diplomate au temps de la révolution
- ^ Journal des débats et des décrets, 3 avril 1793
- ^ "Speech against Dumouriez and Brissot, to be delivered at the Jacobin Club on April 3, 1793". Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ Banat 2006, p. 398.
- ^ Daniel Reichel (1975) Davout et l'art de la guerre: recherches sur la formation, l'action pendant la Revolution et les commandements du maréchal Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt, prince d'Eckmühl, 1770-1823
- ^ Mémoires du général Dumouriez, Band 2, p. 207
- ISBN 978-1-908692-24-5.
- ^ 'Mémoire militaire sur l'Angleterre (1799)
- ^ John Holland Rose and Alexander Meyrick Broadley (1909) Dumouriez and the Defence of England Against Napoleon
- ^ French plans for the invasion of England, ca. 1804
- ^ Great Britain and Argentina by K. Gallo, p. 87
Note
- ^ The commissioners were escorted by Chevalier de Saint-Georges,[50] who immediately drove back to Lille.[51][50][52][53][50] In the evening Lille was successfully defended by Saint-Georges against Miaczinsky who was sent by Dumouriez to seize the city[54][55] His troops were forced to camp outside the city walls.[56] It is supposed that Dumouriez sent Miaczinsky to Lille and arrest the other seven commissioners. Saint-Georges who kept the troops outside the walls became the hero.[57] Dumouriez blamed the famous mulatto for thwarting his plans.[58] Saint-Georges prohibited the arrest of the other commissioner. Instead Miaczinsky was arrested and taken to Paris by the commissioners. After a trial on 17 May he was executed.
- Madame de Genlis.[60]
Sources
- Patricia Chastain Howe (2008) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution. Charles- François Dumouriez, Pierre LeBrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789–1793
- J.M. Thompson (1929) Leaders of the French Revolution: Dumouriez, p. 200-216
- Banat, Gabriel (2006). The Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. OCLC 63703876.