Charles Le Brun

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Charles Le Brun
Louis XIV of France
Preceded byCharles Errard
Succeeded byPierre Mignard
Signature

Charles Le Brun (French pronunciation:

baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690)[1] was a French painter, physiognomist, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time. He served as a court painter to Louis XIV, who declared him "the greatest French artist of all time". Le Brun was a dominant figure in 17th-century French art and was influenced by Nicolas Poussin.[2]

Biography

Portrait of Nicolas Le Brun by Charles Le Brun, c. 1635, Residenzgalerie, Salzburg
Venus Clipping Cupid's Wings, c. 1655, Museo de Arte de Ponce, Ponce, Puerto Rico
Part of the ceilling of the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles

Early life and training

Born in Paris, Le Brun attracted the notice of Chancellor Séguier, who placed him at the age of eleven in the studio of Simon Vouet. He was also a pupil of François Perrier. At fifteen he received commissions from Cardinal Richelieu, in the execution of which he displayed an ability which obtained the generous commendations of Nicolas Poussin, in whose company Le Brun started for Rome in 1642.[3]

In Rome, he remained four years in the receipt of a pension due to the liberality of the chancellor.[3] There he worked under Poussin, adapting the latter's theories of art.[citation needed] While in Rome, Le Brun studied ancient Roman sculpture, made copies after Raphael, and absorbed the influence of the local painters.[4]

On his return to Paris in 1646, Le Brun found numerous patrons, of whom

Nicholas Fouquet was the most important,[3] for whom he painted a large portrait of Anne of Austria.[5] Employed at Vaux-le-Vicomte, Le Brun ingratiated himself with Cardinal Mazarin, then secretly pitting Jean-Baptiste Colbert
against Fouquet.

Le Brun was the driving force behind the establishment of the

French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1648, and was elected as one of the original twelve elders in charge of its running.[6] He remained a dominant figure at the academy and held the positions of chancellor in 1655 (from 1663 chancellor for life), rector from 1668 and director from 1683.[1]
When Colbert took control of the institution in 1661, Le Brun was there to assist him in his endeavour to reorganise it with the goal that the academicians would work towards bringing about a theoretical foundation for a national French art . Both also founded the
Academy of France at Rome in 1666 as a base for promising young artists who would live and learn there for a certain period on the expense of the crown.[3]

Another project Le Brun worked on was

]

In 1660 they established the

Louis XIV Style and gave a direction to the national tendencies which endured centuries after his death.[3] The artistic output of artists and students from the Gobelins would also exert a strong influence on art elsewhere in Europe.[7]

Success years

The nature of his emphatic and pompous talent was in harmony with the taste of the King, who, full of admiration for the paintings by Le Brun for his triumphal entry into Paris (1660)

Louis XIV that he at once ennobled Le Brun (December, 1662), who was also created Premier Peintre du Roi (First Painter of the King) with a pension of 12,000 livres, the same amount as he had yearly received in the service of the magnificent Fouquet.[9] The king had declared him "the greatest French artist of all time".[citation needed] "The Family of Darius," also known as "The Queens of Persia at the Feet of Alexander," was later cut down slightly in size by Le Brun, and retouched to disguise the alteration, presumably to make the painting similar in size to a painting by Paolo Veronese that Louis XIV had acquired.[10]

From this date all that was done in the royal palaces was directed by Le Brun.

academicism
and became the all-powerful, peerless master of 17th-century French art. It was during this period that he dedicated a series of works to the history of Alexander The Great (The Battles of Alexander The Great), and he did not miss the opportunity to make a stronger connection between the magnificence of Alexander and that of the great King. While he was working on The Battles, Le Brun's style became much more personal as he moved away from the ancient masters that influenced him.

Porus
, painted 1673

Work on the

Galerie des Glaces, 1679–1684).[11] Le Brun's decoration is not only a work of art, it is the definitive monument of a reign.[citation needed
]

In 1669, Louis XIV elected to completely renovate Versailles, which was then a tiny palace, and transform it into an opulent dwelling where he would meet with his subjects and foreign diplomats. Le Brun was in charge of its decoration down to the most minute details of arrangement and presentation. In addition to classical paintings, depictions of Louis' reign also adorned the palace walls. The whole structure and its decorations were intended to awe visitors with the splendor, wealth and taste of the king. The Escalier des Ambassadeurs was the main staircase at the entryway to Versailles from its completion in 1679 until its destruction in 1752. The king was so pleased with its appearance that he reportedly referred to it as "Monsieur Le Brun's staircase" when he showed it to an ambassador from Spain in 1679.[14]

Later years

At the death of Colbert,

François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, who succeeded as superintendent in the department of public works, showed no favour to Le Brun who was Colbert's favorite, and in spite of the king's continued support Le Brun felt a bitter change in his position. This contributed to the illness that on 22 February 1690 ended in his death in Gobelins (his private mansion, in Paris).[11]

Le Brun's work and legacy

Chancellor Séguier and his suite, ca. 1670, Musée du Louvre

Le Brun primarily worked for King Louis XIV, for whom he executed large

portraitist and an excellent draughtsman, but he was not fond of portrait or landscape painting, which he felt to be a mere exercise in developing technical prowess. What mattered was scholarly composition, whose ultimate goal was to nourish the spirit. The fundamental basis on which the director of the academy-based his art was unquestionably to make his paintings speak, through a series of symbols, costumes and gestures that allowed him to select for his composition the narrative elements that gave his works a particular depth. For Le Brun, a painting represented a story one could read.[citation needed] Nearly all his compositions have been reproduced by celebrated engravers.[11]

Charles le Brun, The Expressions
Charles le Brun, The Expressions

In his posthumously published treatise, Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions (1698), he promoted the expression of the emotions in painting. Le Brun's view on emotions, which were known as "passions" at the time, drew heavy influence from the work of René Descartes.[15] The facial expressions, which Le Brun outlined as a template for subsequent artists to follow, were believed to reveal the condition of the soul.[16] It had much influence on art theory for the next two centuries.[17]

Many of his drawings are in the

Louvre and the Monaco Royal Collection. He was also the teacher of painter Ludovico Dorigny.[citation needed
]

The Baroque ceiling in the Chambre des Muses at the Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte outside Paris, was "decorated by Charles Le Brun's workshop".[18] Many of Charles Le Brun's sketches and designs were later rendered into painting or sculpture by artists working under him.[19] A restoration was completed in 2017 by the current owners, the de Vogüé family. The restored ceiling was unveiled to the public in March of that year.[20]

The Sacrifice of Polyxena, 1647, Metropolitan Museum of Art

On 23 January 2013, artistic advisors for the Hôtel Ritz Paris, Wanda Tymowska and Joseph Friedman, announced the discovery of The Sacrifice of Polyxena, an early work of Le Brun. The picture, dated 1647, ornamented the Coco Chanel suite of the famous Parisian palace, and went unnoticed for over a century.[21][22]

Posthumously, Le Brun's reputation suffered in the years surrounding the French Revolution and its aftermath, due to his close connection with Louis XIV. By the end of the nineteenth century, the academic values he personified were out of fashion, and it was only in 1963, when a major Le Brun exhibition was organized at Versailles, that his work was reevaluated.[23] He is now considered one of the finest and most versatile French artists of his time.[24]

Tapis de Savonnerie, under Louis XIV, after Charles Le Brun, made for the Grande Galerie in the Louvre

Partial anthology of works

Décorations:

Canvases:

Publications:

  • Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions (1698), posthumous publication.[25]

Gallery

Images from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions:

  • Terrour or Fright from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Terrour or Fright from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Attention from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Attention from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Hatred or Jealousy from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Hatred or Jealousy from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Simple Bodily Pain from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Simple Bodily Pain from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Sadness from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Sadness from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Veneration and Rapture (1760) from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Veneration and Rapture (1760) from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • La Colère from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    La Colère from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Weeping from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Weeping from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Horror from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Horror from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Scorn from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Scorn from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Compassion from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Compassion from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Fear from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Fear from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
  • Sadness from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
    Sadness from Méthode pour apprendre à dessiner les passions
Three lion-like heads, 1671, pen and wash on squared paper

Notes

  1. ^ a b Gady 2014, p. 510.
  2. ^ Honour & Fleming 2009, p. 604.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 351.
  4. ^ Constans, Claire (2003, January 01). "Le Brun, Charles". Grove Art Online.
  5. ^ Williamson 1910.
  6. ^ Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'Académie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture depuis 1648 jusqu'en 1664 Archived 2019-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, Ed. Anatole de Montaiglon, Paris 1853, vol. I, p. 36.
  7. from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  8. ^ Constans, Claire. "Le Brun, Charles" Grove Art Online. January 01, 2003. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 351–352.
  10. .
  11. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 352.
  12. .
  13. ^ Walsh 1999, p. 86.
  14. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  15. ^ Le Brun, Charles (1980). A Method to Learn to Design the Passions. Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library.
  16. .
  17. .
  18. ^ "THE RENAISSANCE OF THE SALON DES MUSES". Vaux-le-Vicomte. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  19. .
  20. ^ "Before Versailles, There Was Vaux-le-Vicomte". Sotheby's. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  21. ^ artmediaagency.com 2013.
  22. ^ ANSAMed.it 2013.
  23. ^ Constans, Claire (2003, January 01). "Le Brun, Charles". Grove Art Online.
  24. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  25. .

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

Media related to Charles Le Brun at Wikimedia Commons