Charles Lindbergh
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Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator and military officer. On May 20–21, 1927, he made the first nonstop flight from New York City to Paris, a distance of 3,600 miles (5,800 km), flying alone for 33.5 hours. His aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis, was designed and built by the Ryan Airline Company specifically to compete for the Orteig Prize for the first flight between the two cities. Although not the first transatlantic flight, it was the first solo transatlantic flight and the longest at the time by nearly 2,000 miles (3,200 km). It became known as one of the most consequential flights in history and ushered in a new era of air transportation between parts of the globe.
Lindbergh was raised mostly in
Time magazine honored Lindbergh as its first Man of the Year in 1928, President Herbert Hoover appointed him to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1929, and he received the Congressional Gold Medal in 1930. In 1931, he and French surgeon Alexis Carrel began work on inventing the first perfusion pump, a device credited with making future heart surgeries and organ transplantation possible.
On March 1, 1932, Lindbergh's first-born infant child, Charles Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in what the American media called the "Crime of the Century". The case prompted the United States Congress to establish kidnapping as a federal crime if a kidnapper crosses state lines with a victim. By late 1935, the press and hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe, from where they returned in 1939.
In the months before the United States entered
Following the
Early life
Early childhood
Lindbergh was born in
Lindbergh's mother was a chemistry teacher at Cass Technical High School in Detroit and later at Little Falls High School, from which her son graduated on June 5, 1918. Lindbergh attended more than a dozen other schools from Washington, D.C., to California during his childhood and teenage years (none for more than a year or two), including the Force School and Sidwell Friends School while living in Washington with his father, and Redondo Union High School in Redondo Beach, California, while living there with his mother.[18] Although he enrolled in the College of Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in late 1920, Lindbergh dropped out in the middle of his sophomore year and then went to Lincoln, Nebraska, in March 1922 to begin flight training.[19]
Early aviation career
From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his family's
A few days later, Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same aircraft, though he was never permitted to solo because he could not afford to post the requisite damage bond.[22] To gain flight experience and earn money for further instruction, Lindbergh left Lincoln in June to spend the next few months barnstorming across Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana as a wing walker and parachutist. He also briefly worked as an airplane mechanic at the Billings, Montana, municipal airport.[23][24]
Lindbergh left flying with the onset of winter and returned to his father's home in Minnesota.
While Lindbergh was barnstorming in Lone Rock, Wisconsin, on two occasions he flew a local physician across the Wisconsin River to emergency calls that were otherwise unreachable because of flooding.[32] He broke his propeller several times while landing, and on June 3, 1923 he was grounded for a week when he ran into a ditch in Glencoe, Minnesota, while flying his father—then running for the U.S. Senate—to a campaign stop. In October, Lindbergh flew his Jenny to Iowa, where he sold it to a flying student. After selling the Jenny, Lindbergh returned to Lincoln by train. There, he joined Leon Klink and continued to barnstorm through the South for the next few months in Klink's Curtiss JN-4C "Canuck" (the Canadian version of the Jenny). Lindbergh also "cracked up" this aircraft once when his engine failed shortly after takeoff in Pensacola, Florida, but again he managed to repair the damage himself.[33]
Following a few months of barnstorming through
Lindbergh later said that this year was critical to his development as both a focused, goal-oriented individual and as an aviator.
Air mail pilot
In October 1925, Lindbergh was hired by the
Just before signing on to fly with CAM, Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Richard E. Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently his bid came too late.[41]
On April 13, 1926, Lindbergh executed the United States Post Office Department's Oath of Mail Messengers,[42] and two days later he opened service on the new route. On two occasions, combinations of bad weather, equipment failure, and fuel exhaustion forced him to bail out on night approach to Chicago;[43][44] both times he reached the ground without serious injury and immediately set about ensuring that his cargo was located and sent on with minimum delay.[44][45] In mid-February 1927 he left for San Diego, California, to oversee design and construction of the Spirit of St. Louis.[46]
New York–Paris flight
Orteig Prize
In 1919, British aviators
Around the same time, French-born New York hotelier
American air racer
Spirit of St. Louis
Financing the operation of the historic flight was a challenge due to Lindbergh's obscurity, but two St. Louis businessmen eventually obtained a $15,000 bank loan. Lindbergh contributed $2,000 ($33,536 in 2023)[52] of his own money from his salary as an air mail pilot and another $1,000 was donated by RAC. The total of $18,000 was far less than what was available to Lindbergh's rivals.[53]
The group tried to buy an "off-the-peg" single or multiengine monoplane from
Flight
In the early morning of Friday, May 20, 1927, Lindbergh took off from
At 8:52 AM, an hour after takeoff, Lindbergh was flying at an altitude of 500 feet (150 m) over Rhode Island, following an uneventful passage—aside from some turbulence—over Long Island Sound and Connecticut.[68] By 9:52 AM, he had passed Boston and was flying with Cape Cod to his right, with an airspeed of 107 miles per hour (172 km/h) and altitude of 150 feet (46 m); about an hour later he began to feel tired, even though only a few hours had elapsed since takeoff. To keep his mind clear, Lindbergh descended and flew at only 10 feet (3.0 m) above the water's surface.[69] By around 11:52 AM, he had climbed to an altitude of 200 feet (61 m), and at this point was 400 miles (640 km) distant from New York.[69] Nova Scotia appeared ahead and, after flying over the Gulf of Maine, he was only "6 miles (9.7 km), or 2 degrees, off course."[68] At 3:52 PM, the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island was below; he struggled to stay awake, even though it was "only the afternoon of the first day."[68] At 5:52 PM, he was flying along the Newfoundland coast, and passed St. John's at 7:15 PM.[69][70] On its May 21 front page, The New York Times ran a special cable from the prior evening: "Captain Lindbergh's airplane passed over St. John's at 8:15 o'clock tonight [7:15 New York Daylight Saving Time]...was seen by hundreds and disappeared seaward, heading for Ireland...It was flying quite low between the hills near St. John's."[71] The Times also observed that Lindbergh was "following the track of Hawker and Greeve and also of Alcock and Brown on the first transatlantic flight eight years ago."[71]
Stars appeared as night fell around 8 PM. The sea became totally obscured by fog, prompting Lindbergh to climb "from an altitude of 800 feet (240 m) to 7,500 feet (2,300 m) to stay above the quickly-rising cloud."
Finally, at around 9:52 AM New York time, or twenty-seven hours after he left Roosevelt Field, Lindbergh saw "porpoises and fishing boats," a sign he had reached the other side of the Atlantic.[68][73] He circled and flew closely, but no fishermen appeared on the boat decks, although he did see a face watching from a porthole.[68][63] Dingle Bay, in County Kerry of southwest Ireland, was the first European land that Lindbergh encountered; he veered to get a better look and consulted his charts, identifying it as the southern tip of Ireland.[74][70][68] The local time in Ireland was 3 PM.[69] Flying over Dingle Bay, the Spirit was "2.5 hours ahead of schedule and less than 3 miles (4.8 km) off course."[69] Lindbergh had navigated "almost precisely to the coastal point he had marked on his chart."[63] He wanted to reach the French coast in daylight, so increased his speed to 110 miles per hour (180 km/h).[69] The English coast appeared ahead of him, and he was "now wide awake."[68] A report came from Plymouth, on the English coast, that Lindbergh's plane had started across the English Channel.[63] News soon spread across both "Europe and the United States that Lindbergh had been spotted over England," and a crowd started to form at Le Bourget Aerodrome as he neared Paris.[73] At sunset, he flew over Cherbourg, on the French coast 200 miles (320 km) from Paris; it was around 2:52 PM New York time.[69][68]
Over the 33+1⁄2 hours of his flight, Lindbergh faced many challenges, which included skimming over storm clouds at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and wave tops at as low as 10 ft (3.0 m). The aircraft fought icing, flew blind through fog for several hours, and Lindbergh navigated only by dead reckoning (he was not proficient at navigating by the sun and stars and he rejected radio navigation gear as heavy and unreliable). He was fortunate that the winds over the Atlantic cancelled each other out, giving him zero wind drift—and thus accurate navigation during the long flight over featureless ocean.[75][76]
On arriving at Paris, Lindbergh "circled the Eiffel Tower" before flying to the airfield.
A crowd estimated at 150,000 stormed the field, dragged Lindbergh out of the cockpit, and carried him around above their heads for "nearly half an hour."[81] Among the crowd were two future Indian prime ministers, Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter, Indira Gandhi.[82] Some minor damage was done to the Spirit (especially to the fine linen, silver-painted fabric covering on the fuselage) by souvenir hunters before pilot and plane reached the safety of a nearby hangar with the aid of French military fliers, soldiers, and police.[81] The Times reported that before the police could intervene the "souvenir mad" spectators "stripped the plane of everything which could be taken off," and were cutting off pieces of linen when "a squad of soldiers with fixed bayonets quickly surrounded" the plane, providing guard as it was "wheeled into a shed."[79] Lindbergh met the U.S. Ambassador to France, Myron T. Herrick, across Le Bourget field in a "little room with a few chairs and an army cot."[83] The lights in the room were turned off to conceal his presence from the frenzied crowd, which "surged madly" trying to find him. Lindbergh shook hands with Herrick and handed him several letters he had carried across the Atlantic, three of which were from Col. Theodore Roosevelt Jr., son of former President Theodore Roosevelt, who had written letters of introduction at Lindbergh's request.[84][83] Lindbergh left the airfield around midnight and was driven through Paris to the ambassador's residence, stopping to visit the French Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe;[83] after arriving at the residence, he slept for the first time in about 60 hours.[79][73][69]
Lindbergh's flight was certified by the National Aeronautic Association of the United States based on the readings from a sealed barograph placed in the Spirit.[85][86]
Global fame
Lindbergh received unprecedented acclaim after his historic flight. In the words of biographer A. Scott Berg, people were "behaving as though Lindbergh had walked on water, not flown over it".[88]: 17 The New York Times printed an above the fold, page-wide headline: "Lindbergh Does It!"[79] and his mother's house in Detroit was surrounded by a crowd reported at nearly a thousand.[89] He became "an international celebrity, with invitations pouring in for him to visit European countries," and he "received marriage proposals, invitations to visit cities across the nation, and thousands of gifts, letters, and endorsement requests."[90] At least "200 songs were written" in tribute to him and his flight.[90] "Lucky Lindy!", written and composed by L. Wolfe Gilbert and Abel Baer, was finished on May 21 itself, and was "performed to great acclaim in several Manhattan clubs" that night.[91] Leo Feist printed the song, and it was "on sale by Monday, May 23."[91] After landing, Lindbergh was eager to embark on a tour of Europe. As he noted in a speech a few weeks afterward, his flight marked the first time he "had ever been abroad," and he "landed with the expectancy, and the hope, of being able to see Europe."[90]
The morning after landing, Lindbergh appeared in the balcony of the
After Belgium, Lindbergh traveled to the
Accompanied by two
Lindbergh flew from Washington, D.C., to New York City on June 13, arriving in Lower Manhattan. He traveled up the Canyon of Heroes to City Hall, where he was received by Mayor Jimmy Walker. A ticker-tape parade[110] followed to Central Park Mall, where he was honored at another ceremony hosted by New York Governor Al Smith and attended by a crowd of 200,000. Some 4,000,000 people saw Lindbergh that day.[111][112][113] At Central Park, Governor Smith awarded him the New York Medal for Valor.[114] That evening, Lindbergh was accompanied by his mother and Mayor Walker when he was the guest of honor at a 500-guest banquet and dance held at Clarence MacKay's Long Island estate, Harbor Hill.[115]
The following night, Lindbergh was honored with a grand banquet at the
On July 18, 1927, Lindbergh was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Air Corps of the Officers Reserve Corps of the U.S. Army.[117]
On December 14, 1927, a Special
Lindbergh was honored as the first Time magazine Man of the Year (now called "Person of the Year") when he appeared on that magazine's cover at age 25 on January 2, 1928;[123] he remained the youngest Time Person of the Year until Greta Thunberg surpassed his record in 2019. The winner of the 1930 Best Woman Aviator of the Year Award, Elinor Smith Sullivan, said that before Lindbergh's flight:
People seemed to think we [aviators] were from outer space or something. But after Charles Lindbergh's flight, we could do no wrong. It's hard to describe the impact Lindbergh had on people. Even the first walk on the moon doesn't come close. The twenties was such an innocent time, and people were still so religious—I think they felt like this man was sent by God to do this. And it changed aviation forever because all of a sudden the Wall Streeters were banging on doors looking for airplanes to invest in. We'd been standing on our heads trying to get them to notice us but after Lindbergh, suddenly everyone wanted to fly, and there weren't enough planes to carry them.[124]
Autobiography and tours
Barely two months after Lindbergh arrived in Paris, G. P. Putnam's Sons published his 318-page autobiography "WE", which was the first of 15 books he eventually wrote or to which he made significant contributions. The company was run by aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam.[125] The dustjacket notes said that Lindbergh wanted to share the "story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation", and that "WE" referred to the "spiritual partnership" that had developed "between himself and his airplane during the dark hours of his flight".[126][127] However, as Berg wrote in 1998, Putnam's chose the title without "Lindbergh's knowledge or approval," and Lindbergh would "forever complain about it, that his use of 'we' meant him and his backers, not him and his plane, as the press had people believing"; nonetheless, as Berg remarked, "his frequent unconscious use of the phrase suggested otherwise."[128]
Putnam's sold special autographed copies of the book for $25 each, all of which were purchased before publication.[128] "WE" was soon translated into most major languages and sold more than 650,000 copies in the first year, earning Lindbergh more than $250,000. Its success was considerably aided by Lindbergh's three-month, 22,350-mile (35,970 km) tour of the United States in the Spirit on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Between July 20 and October 23, 1927, Lindbergh visited 82 cities in all 48 states, rode 1,290 mi (2,080 km) in parades, and delivered 147 speeches before 30 million people.[129]
Lindbergh then toured 16 Latin American countries between December 13, 1927, and February 8, 1928. Dubbed the "Good Will Tour", it included stops in Mexico (where he also met his future wife, Anne, the daughter of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow), Guatemala, British Honduras, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, the Canal Zone, Colombia, Venezuela, St. Thomas, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba, covering 9,390 miles (15,110 km) in just over 116 hours of flight time.[39][130] A year and two days after it had made its first flight, Lindbergh flew the Spirit from St. Louis to Washington, D.C., where it has been on public display at the Smithsonian Institution ever since.[131] Over the previous 367 days, Lindbergh and the Spirit had logged 489 hours 28 minutes of flight time together.[132]
A "Lindbergh boom" in aviation had begun. The volume of mail moving by air[where?] increased 50 percent within six months, applications for pilots' licenses tripled, and the number of planes quadrupled.[88]: 17 President Herbert Hoover appointed Lindbergh to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.[133]
Lindbergh and
Air mail promotion
Lindbergh used his world fame to promote air mail service. For example, at the request of Basil L. Rowe, the owner of West Indian Aerial Express (and later Pan Am's chief pilot), in February, 1928, he carried some 3,000 pieces of special souvenir mail between Santo Domingo, R.D.; Port-au-Prince, Haiti; and Havana, Cuba[136]—the last three stops he and the Spirit made during their 7,800 mi (12,600 km) "Good Will Tour" of Latin America and the Caribbean between December 13, 1927, and February 8, 1928, and the only franked mail pieces that he ever flew in his iconic plane.[137]
Two weeks after his Latin American tour, Lindbergh piloted a series of special flights over his old CAM-2 route on February 20 and February 21. Tens of thousands of self-addressed souvenir covers were sent in from all over the world, so at each stop Lindbergh switched to another of the three planes he and his fellow CAM-2 pilots had used, so it could be said that each cover had been flown by him. The covers were then backstamped and returned to their senders as a promotion of the air mail service.[138]
In 1929–1931, Lindbergh carried much smaller numbers of souvenir covers on the first flights over routes in
On 10 March 1929, Lindbergh flew an inaugural flight from Brownsville, Texas to Mexico City via Tampico, in a Ford Trimotor airplane, carrying a sizeable load of U.S. mail. When a number of mail bags came up missing for a period of one month, they subsequently came to be known in the philatelic world as the covers of the "Lost Mail Flight". The historic flight was received with much notoriety in the press and marked the beginning of extended airmail service between the United States and Mexico[140][141]
Personal life
American family
In his autobiography, Lindbergh derided pilots he met as womanizing "barnstormers"; he also criticized Army cadets for their "facile" approach to relationships. He wrote that the ideal romance was stable and long-term, with a woman with keen intellect, good health, and strong genes,[142] his "experience in breeding animals on our farm [having taught him] the importance of good heredity".[143]
Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906–2001) was the daughter of Dwight Morrow, who, as a partner at J.P. Morgan & Co., had acted as financial adviser to Lindbergh. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico in 1927. Invited by Morrow on a goodwill tour to Mexico along with humorist and actor Will Rogers, Lindbergh met Anne in Mexico City in December 1927.[144]
The couple was married on May 27, 1929, at the Morrow estate in
Lindbergh saw his children for only a few months a year. He kept track of each child's infractions (including such things as gum-chewing) and insisted that Anne track every penny of household expenses in account books.[148]
Lindbergh's grandson, aviator Erik Lindbergh (one of 8 children of Jon Lindbergh), has had notable involvement in both the private spaceflight and electric aircraft industries.[149][150]
Glider hobby
Lindbergh came to the
Kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.
On the evening of March 1, 1932, twenty-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr. was abducted from his crib in the Lindberghs' rural home, Highfields, in East Amwell, New Jersey, near the town of Hopewell.[N 4] A man who claimed to be the kidnapper[156] picked up a cash ransom of $50,000 on April 2, part of which was in gold certificates, which were soon to be withdrawn from circulation and would therefore attract attention; the bills' serial numbers were also recorded. On May 12, the child's remains were found in woods not far from the Lindbergh home.[157]
The case was widely called the "
Richard Hauptmann, a 34-year-old German immigrant carpenter, was arrested near his home in the Bronx, New York, on September 19, 1934, after paying for gasoline with one of the ransom bills. $13,760 of the ransom money and other evidence was found in his home. Hauptmann went on trial for kidnapping, murder and extortion on January 2, 1935, in a circus-like atmosphere in Flemington, New Jersey. He was convicted on February 13,[160] sentenced to death, and electrocuted at Trenton State Prison on April 3, 1936.[161] Relatives of Hauptmann have contested his guilt, and as of 2024 there is an ongoing push for DNA testing which some scholars and legal activists contend may exonerate him.[162]
In Europe (1936–1939)
An intensely private man,[163] Lindbergh became exasperated by the unrelenting public attention in the wake of the kidnapping and Hauptmann trial,[164][165] and was concerned for the safety of his three-year-old second son, Jon.[166][167] Consequently, in the predawn hours of Sunday, December 22, 1935, the family "sailed furtively"[164] from Manhattan for Liverpool,[168] the only three passengers aboard the United States Lines freighter SS American Importer.[N 5] They traveled under assumed names and with diplomatic passports issued through the personal intervention of former U.S. Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills.[170]
News of the Lindberghs' "flight to Europe"[164] did not become public until a full day later,[171][172] and even after the identity of their ship became known[165] radiograms addressed to Lindbergh on it were returned as "Addressee not aboard".[164] They arrived in Liverpool on December 31, then departed for South Wales to stay with relatives.[173][174]
The family eventually rented "Long Barn" in Sevenoaks Weald, Kent.[175] In 1938, the family (including a third son, Land, born May 1937 in London) moved to Île Illiec, a small four-acre (1.6 ha) island Lindbergh purchased off the Breton coast of France.[176]
Except for a brief visit to the U.S. in December 1937,
Scientific activities
Lindbergh wrote to the Longines watch company and described a watch that would make navigation easier for pilots. First produced in 1931, they called it the "Lindbergh Hour Angle watch",[183] and it remains in production today.[184]
In 1929, Lindbergh became interested in the work of rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard. By helping Goddard secure an endowment from Daniel Guggenheim in 1930, Lindbergh allowed Goddard to expand his research and development. Throughout his life, Lindbergh remained a key advocate of Goddard's work.[185]
In 1930, Lindbergh's sister-in-law developed a fatal heart condition.[186] Lindbergh began to wonder why hearts could not be repaired with surgery. Starting in early 1931 at the Rockefeller Institute and continuing during his time living in France, Lindbergh studied the perfusion of organs outside the body with Nobel Prize-winning French surgeon Alexis Carrel. Although perfused organs were said to have survived surprisingly well, all showed progressive degenerative changes within a few days.[187] Lindbergh's invention, a glass perfusion pump, named the "Model T" pump, is credited with making future heart surgeries possible. In this early stage, the pump was far from perfected. In 1938, Lindbergh and Carrel described an artificial heart in the book in which they summarized their work, The Culture of Organs,[188] but it was decades before one was built. In later years, Lindbergh's pump was further developed by others, eventually leading to the construction of the first heart-lung machine.[189]
Pre-war activities and politics
Overseas visits
In July 1936, shortly before the opening of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, American journalist William L. Shirer recorded in his diary: "The Lindberghs are here [in Berlin], and the Nazis, led by Göring, are making a great play for them."
This 1936 visit was the first of several that Lindbergh made at the request of the U.S. military establishment between 1936 and 1938, with the goal of evaluating German aviation.[190] During this visit, the Lufthansa airline held a tea for the Lindberghs, and later invited them for a ride aboard the massive four-engine Junkers G.38 that had been christened Field-Marshal Von Hindenburg. Shirer, who was on the flight, wrote:
Somewhere over Wannsee Lindbergh took the controls himself and treated us to some very steep banks, considering the size of the plane, and other little manoeuvres, which terrified most of the passengers. The talk is that the Lindberghs have been favorably impressed by what the Nazis have shown them. He has shown no enthusiasm for meeting the foreign correspondents, who have a perverse liking for enlightening visitors on the Third Reich, as they see it, and we have not pressed for an interview."[191]
Hanna Reitsch demonstrated the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter to Lindbergh in 1937,[192]: 121 and he was the first American to examine Germany's newest bomber, the Junkers Ju 88, and Germany's front-line fighter aircraft, the Messerschmitt Bf 109, which he was allowed to pilot. He said of the Bf 109 that he knew of "no other pursuit plane which combines simplicity of construction with such excellent performance characteristics".[190][193]
There is disagreement on how accurate Lindbergh's reports were, but Cole asserts that the consensus among British and American officials was that they were slightly exaggerated but badly needed.
In 1938,
Lindbergh's reaction to the Kristallnacht was entrusted to his diary: "I do not understand these riots on the part of the Germans", he wrote. "It seems so contrary to their sense of order and intelligence. They have undoubtedly had a difficult 'Jewish problem', but why is it necessary to handle it so unreasonably?"[201] Later though, many would note the careful and orderly fashion in which the Holocaust was carried out, with Jews identified, shipped to concentration camps, and most murdered.[202]
Lindbergh had planned to move to Berlin for the winter of 1938–39. He had provisionally found a house in Wannsee, but after Nazi friends discouraged him from leasing it because it had been formerly owned by Jews,[203] it was recommended that he contact Albert Speer, who said he would build the Lindberghs a house anywhere they wanted. On the advice of his close friend Alexis Carrel, he cancelled the trip.[203]
Isolationism and America First Committee
In 1938, the U.S.
Following Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland, Lindbergh opposed sending aid to countries under threat, writing "I do not believe that repealing the arms embargo would assist democracy in Europe" and[204] "If we repeal the arms embargo with the idea of assisting one of the warring sides to overcome the other, then why mislead ourselves by talk of neutrality?"[204] He equated assistance with war profiteering: "To those who argue that we could make a profit and build up our own industry by selling munitions abroad, I reply that we in America have not yet reached a point where we wish to capitalize on the destruction and death of war".[204]
In August 1939, Lindbergh was the first choice of
In October 1939, following the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and Germany, and a month after the Canadian declaration of war on Germany, Lindbergh made another nationwide radio address criticizing Canada for drawing the Western Hemisphere "into a European war simply because they prefer the Crown of England" to the independence of the Americas.[207][208] Lindbergh went on to further state his opinion that the entire continent and its surrounding islands needed to be free from the "dictates of European powers".[207][208]
In November 1939, Lindbergh authored a controversial Reader's Digest article in which he deplored the war, but asserted the need for a German assault on the Soviet Union.[194] Lindbergh wrote: "Our civilization depends on peace among Western nations ... and therefore on united strength, for Peace is a virgin who dare not show her face without Strength, her father, for protection".[209][210]
In late 1940, Lindbergh became the spokesman of the isolationist America First Committee,[211] soon speaking to overflow crowds at Madison Square Garden and Chicago's Soldier Field, with millions listening by radio. He argued emphatically that America had no business attacking Germany. Lindbergh justified this stance in writings that were only published posthumously:
I was deeply concerned that the potentially gigantic power of America, guided by uninformed and impractical idealism, might crusade into Europe to destroy Hitler without realizing that Hitler's destruction would lay Europe open to the rape, loot and barbarism of
Soviet Russia's forces, causing possibly the fatal wounding of Western civilization.[212]
In April 1941, he argued before 30,000 members of the America First Committee that "the British government has one last desperate plan ... to persuade us to send another American Expeditionary Force to Europe and to share with England militarily, as well as financially, the fiasco of this war."[213]
In his 1941 testimony before the
At an America First rally in September, Lindbergh accused three groups of "pressing this country toward war; the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt Administration":[215]
It is not difficult to understand why Jewish people desire the overthrow of Nazi Germany. The persecution they suffered in Germany would be sufficient to make bitter enemies of any race.
No person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany. But no person of honesty and vision can look on their pro-war policy here today without seeing the dangers involved in such a policy both for us and for them. Instead of agitating for war, the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way for they will be among the first to feel its consequences.
Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastations. A few far-sighted Jewish people realize this and stand opposed to intervention. But the majority still do not.
Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.
He continued:
I am not attacking either the Jewish or the British people. Both races, I admire. But I am saying that the leaders of both the British and the Jewish races, for reasons which are as understandable from their viewpoint as they are inadvisable from ours, for reasons which are not American, wish to involve us in the war. We cannot blame them for looking out for what they believe to be their own interests, but we also must look out for ours. We cannot allow the natural passions and prejudices of other peoples to lead our country to destruction.[217]
His message was popular throughout many
I have the greatest faith in [Lindbergh] as a person—in his integrity, his courage, and his essential goodness, fairness, and kindness—his nobility really ... How then explain my profound feeling of grief about what he is doing? If what he said is the truth (and I am inclined to think it is), why was it wrong to state it? He was naming the groups that were pro-war. No one minds his naming the British or the Administration. But to name "Jew" is un-American—even if it is done without hate or even criticism. Why?[221]
In his diaries, he wrote, "We must limit to a reasonable amount the Jewish influence ... Whenever the Jewish percentage of total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to invariably occur. It is too bad because a few Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset to any country."
Antisemitism and views on race
Lindbergh's
Roosevelt disliked Lindbergh's outspoken opposition to his administration's interventionist policies, telling Treasury Secretary
Lindbergh seemed to state that he believed the survival of the
Lindbergh developed a long-term friendship with the automobile pioneer Henry Ford, who was well known for his antisemitic newspaper The Dearborn Independent. In a famous comment about Lindbergh to Detroit's former FBI field office special agent in charge in July 1940, Ford said: "When Charles comes out here, we only talk about the Jews."[230][231]
Lindbergh considered Russia a "semi-Asiatic" country compared to Germany, and he believed
Lindbergh elucidated his beliefs regarding the white race in a 1939 article in Reader's Digest:
We can have peace and security only so long as we band together to preserve that most priceless possession, our inheritance of European blood, only so long as we guard ourselves against attack by foreign armies and dilution by foreign races.[233]
Lindbergh said certain races have "demonstrated superior ability in the design, manufacture, and operation of machines",[234] and that "The growth of our western civilization has been closely related to this superiority."[235] Lindbergh admired "the German genius for science and organization, the English genius for government and commerce, the French genius for living and the understanding of life". He believed, "in America they can be blended to form the greatest genius of all".[236]
In his book The American Axis,
Lindbergh's
Berg also noted:
"As late as April 1939—after Germany overtook Czechoslovakia—Lindbergh was willing to make excuses for Adolf Hitler. 'Much as I disapprove of many things Hitler had done', he wrote in his diary on April 2, 1939, 'I believe she [Germany] has pursued the only consistent policy in Europe in recent years. I cannot support her broken promises, but she has only moved a little faster than other nations ... in breaking promises. The question of right and wrong is one thing by law and another thing by history.'"
Berg also explained that leading up to the war, Lindbergh believed the great battle would be between the Soviet Union and Germany, not fascism and democracy.
Wallace noted that it was difficult to find any social scientists among Lindbergh's contemporaries in the 1930s who found validity in racial explanations for human behavior. Wallace went on to observe, "throughout his life, eugenics would remain one of Lindbergh's enduring passions".[239] After Jews began to be murdered on a large scale in 1940 and '41,[240] many of those who had tolerated Hitler began to oppose the regime, but Lindbergh continued to support the regime until the U.S. declared war on Germany.
Lindbergh always championed military strength and alertness.[241][242] He believed that a strong defensive war machine would make America an impenetrable fortress and defend the Western Hemisphere from an attack by foreign powers, and that this was the U.S. military's sole purpose.[243]
While the attack on Pearl Harbor came as a shock to Lindbergh, he did predict that America's "wavering policy in the Philippines" would invite a brutal war there, and in one speech warned, "we should either fortify these islands adequately, or get out of them entirely."[244]
World War II
In January 1942, Lindbergh met with Secretary of War,
In his six months in the Pacific in 1944, Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber raids on Japanese positions, flying 50 combat missions (again as a civilian).[249] His innovations in the use of Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters impressed a supportive Gen. Douglas MacArthur.[250] Lindbergh introduced engine-leaning techniques to P-38 pilots, greatly improving fuel consumption at cruise speeds, enabling the long-range fighter aircraft to fly longer-range missions. P-38 pilot Warren Lewis quoted Lindbergh's fuel-saving settings, "He said, '... we can cut the RPM down to 1400RPMs and use 30 inches of mercury (manifold pressure), and save 50–100 gallons of fuel on a mission.'"[251] The U.S. Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh praised his courage and defended his patriotism.[248][252]
On July 28, 1944, during a P-38 bomber escort mission with the
In mid-October 1944, Lindbergh participated in a joint Army-Navy conference on fighter planes at
Later life
After World War II, Lindbergh lived in
Commenting on the post-war world, Lindbergh said that "a whole civilization is in disintegration," and believed America needed to support Europe against communism. Because America had "taken a leading part" in World War II, he said it therefore could not "retire now and leave Europe to the destructive forces" that the war had "let loose."[254] While he still believed his prewar non-interventionism was correct, Lindbergh said the United States now had a responsibility to support Europe, because of "honor, self-respect, and our own national interests."[254] Furthermore, he wrote that "we could not let atrocities such as those of the concentration camps go unpunished," and he firmly supported the Nuremberg trials.[254]
After the war, Lindbergh toured Germany, covering "almost two thousand miles during his last two weeks" in the country, and also traveled to Paris and participated in "conferences with military personnel and the American Ambassador" during the same trip.[254] While in Germany in June 1945, he toured Dora concentration camp, inspecting the tunnels of Nordhausen and viewing V-1 and V-2 missile parts. He attempted to "reconcile," as Berg wrote, the technology he saw with how the "forces of evil had harnessed it."[254] Reflecting on what happened in the camps, Lindbergh wrote in his wartime journal that it "seemed impossible that men—civilized men—could degenerate to such a level. Yet they had."[254][255] In the following page in his journal, he also lamented the mistreatment of Japanese people by Americans and other Allied personnel during the war, comparing these "incidents" to what the Germans did.[255] As Berg wrote in 1998, Lindbergh returned from this two-month European journey "more alarmed about the state of the world than ever," but nonetheless "he knew that the American public no longer gave a hoot for his opinions."[254] Drawing lessons from the war, Lindbergh stated: "No peace will last that is not based on Christian principles, on justice, on compassion...on a sense of the dignity of man. Without such principles there can be no lasting strength...The Germans found that out."[254] Soon after returning to America, Lindbergh paid a visit to his mother in Detroit, and on the train home he wrote a letter wherein he mentioned a "spiritual awareness," speaking of how important it was to spend time in the garden, take in the sun, and listen to birds.[254] In Berg's words, this letter "revealed a changed man."[254] As time went on, Lindbergh became increasingly spiritual in his outlook and grew concerned with the impact science and technology had on the world. In 1948, his Of Flight and Life was published, a book that has been described as an "impassioned warning against the dangers of scientific materialism and the powers of technology."[256] In this book, he wrote of his experiences as a combat pilot in the Pacific theater, and declared his conversion from a worshiper of science to a worshiper of the "eternal truths of God," expressing concern for humanity's future.[257] In 1949, he received the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy and declared in his acceptance speech: "If we are to be finally successful, we must measure scientific accomplishments by their effect on man himself."[257]
On April 7, 1954, on the recommendation of President
In December 1968, he visited the astronauts of Apollo 8 (the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon) the day before their launch, and in July 1969 he and his wife witnessed the launch of Apollo 11 as personal guests of Neil Armstrong.[265][257][258] Armstrong had met Lindbergh in 1968, and the two corresponded until the latter's death in 1974.[258] In conjunction with the first lunar landing, he shared his thoughts as part of Walter Cronkite's live television coverage. He later wrote the foreword to Apollo astronaut Michael Collins's autobiography.[266] While he maintained his interest in technology, Lindbergh began to focus more on protecting the natural world, and after viewing the Apollo 11 launch, he "participated in a WWF-sponsored dedication of a 900-acre bird preserve."[257]
Double life and secret German children
Beginning in 1957, General Lindbergh engaged in lengthy sexual relationships with three women while remaining married to Anne Morrow. He fathered three children with hatmaker Brigitte Hesshaimer (1926–2001), who had lived in the small Bavarian town of Geretsried. He had two children with her sister Mariette, a painter, living in Grimisuat. Lindbergh also had a son and daughter (born in 1959 and 1961) with Valeska, an East Prussian aristocrat who was his private secretary in Europe and lived in Baden-Baden.[267][268][269][270] All seven children were born between 1958 and 1967.[2]
Ten days before he died, Lindbergh wrote to each of his European mistresses, imploring them to maintain the utmost secrecy about his illicit activities with them even after his death.
Environmental and tribal causes
In later life Lindbergh was heavily involved in
In an essay appearing in the July 1964 Reader's Digest, Lindbergh wrote about a realization he had in Kenya during a trip to see land being considered for a national park.[257] He contrasted his time amid the African landscape with his involvement in a supersonic transport convention in New York, and while "lying under an acacia tree," he realized how the "construction of an airplane" was simple compared to the "evolutionary achievement of a bird." He wrote "that if I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes."[257][277] In this essay, he questioned his old definition of "progress," and concluded that nature displayed more actual progress than humanity's creations.[257] He wrote several more essays for Reader's Digest and Life, urging people to respect the self-awareness that came from contact with nature, which he called the "wisdom of wildness," and not merely follow science.[257] As David Boocker wrote in 2009, Lindbergh's essays, appearing in popular magazines, "introduced millions of people to the conservation cause," and he made an important "appeal to lead a life less complicated by technology."[257]
On May 14, 1971, Lindbergh received the Philippine Order of the Golden Heart at a formal dinner at Malacañang Palace in Manila.[278] He was described as an aviation pioneer who had symbolized the advance of technology, and who now was a symbol of the drive to protect natural life from technology.[279] Lindbergh actively participated in both conservation and advocacy for tribal minorities in the Philippines, frequently visiting the country and working to protect species including the tamaraw and Philippine eagle, which he described as a "magnificent bird," lending his name to a law against killing or trapping the animal.[280] In August 1971, in Davao City, he ceremonially received a young Philippine eagle kept in captivity after its mother was killed by a hunter, delaying his return to the United States so he could take part in the presentation.[280] Arturo Garcia, a movie theater manager in Davao, had bought the bird for $40 in March 1970 after the hunting incident, and built a large cage for it behind his house. Lindbergh entered the cage with Jesus Alvarez, director of the Philippines park and wildlife commission, received the eagle, and then turned it over to Alvarez, remarking: "Now we have to see if the bird can go back to its natural place."[280] The Associated Press reported on both Lindbergh's reception of the Order of the Golden Heart and the presentation of the eagle.[280][281]
Lindbergh's speeches and writings in later life centered on technology and nature, and his lifelong belief that "all the achievements of mankind have value only to the extent that they preserve and improve the quality of life".
Maj. Ware received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions, and the other Sikorsky crew members received the Air Medal.[288] In 2021, Ware described how he received his medal "in less than a week," remarking that it normally "takes several months. But when you've got an international hero, it kind of gains some momentum.”[291] The helicopter involved in the rescue, Sikorsky HH-3E 66-13289 (c/n 61-588),[293] was itself lost in the South China Sea later in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of Luzon, when its main transmission cracked and began leaking oil.[294]
Lindbergh also joined with early aviation industrialist, former Pan Am executive vice president, and longtime friend, Samuel F. Pryor Jr., in "efforts by the Nature Conservancy to preserve plants and wildlife in Kipahulu Valley" on the Hawaiian island of Maui.[295][296] Lindbergh chose the Kipahulu Valley for retirement, building an A‐frame cottage there in 1971;[297] Pryor moved there in 1965 with his wife, Mary, after retiring from Pan Am.[296][295][298] Lindbergh's choice of Maui as a retirement home "represented his love of natural places" and his "lifelong commitment to the ideal of simplicity."[299] Commenting on Lindbergh's profound concern with the impact of technology on humanity, Richard Hallion wrote: "He recognized the narrow margin on which society trod in the unstable nuclear era, and his work after World War II confirmed his fear that humanity now had the ability to destroy in minutes what previous generations had taken centuries to create. And so Lindbergh the technologist changed to Lindbergh the philosopher, protector of the Tasaday, preaching a turn from the materialistic, mechanistic society toward a society based on 'simplicity, humiliation, contemplation, prayer.'"[300] In her 1988 book, Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma, Susan M. Gray wrote that Lindbergh "established his 'middle ground' between technology and human values, embracing both, rejecting neither."[300]
Death
Lindbergh spent his last years on Maui in his small, rustic seaside home. In 1972, he became sick with cancer and ultimately died of lymphoma[301] on the morning of August 26, 1974, at age 72.[302][275] After his cancer diagnosis, Lindbergh "sketched a simple design for his grave and coffin,"[303] helping to design his grave in the "traditional Hawaiian style."[304] Following “a series of radiation treatments, he spent several months in Maui recuperating,” and also made a 26‐day stay in the Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, but with little improvement.[297][305] After he realized the treatment would not save him, he decided to leave Columbia hospital and made a final return to Kipahulu with his wife Anne, flying to Honolulu on August 17 and then traveling to Maui by small plane, dying a week later.[275][297] He was buried on the grounds of the Palapala Ho'omau Church in Kipahulu, Maui, a Congregational church first established in 1864, which fell into disuse in the 1940s and was restored beginning in 1964 by Samuel F. Pryor Jr., whose family cooperated with the Lindbergh family to set up an endowment for the upkeep of the property.[306][298][296] Lindbergh took part in the church restoration with his old friend Pryor, and both men agreed to make their final resting place in the small cemetery they cleared.[296] Lindbergh was buried eight hours after he died in a eucalyptus casket, and was laid to rest in "simple work clothes."[299] For his funeral service he chose readings from the Bible and Native American poetry, among other selections.[299] On the evening of August 26, President Gerald Ford made a tribute to Lindbergh, saying that the courage and daring of his Atlantic flight would never be forgotten, describing him as a selfless, sincere man, and stating: "For a generation of Americans, and for millions of other people around the world, the 'Lone Eagle' represented all that was best in our country."[297][307] His epitaph, on a simple stone following the words "Charles A. Lindbergh Born Michigan 1902 Died Maui 1974", quotes Psalm 139:9: "If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea ... C.A.L."[308]
Honors and tributes
- Lindbergh was a recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by the Boy Scouts of America, on April 10, 1928, in San Francisco.[309]
- On May 8, 1928, a statue was dedicated at the entrance to Le Bourget Airport in Paris honoring Lindbergh and his New York to Paris flight as well as Charles Nungesser and François Coli who had attempted the same feat two weeks earlier in the other direction aboard L'Oiseau Blanc (The White Bird), disappearing without a trace.
- San Diego International Airport was named Lindbergh Field from 1928 to 2003. A replica of his plane hangs above baggage claim.
- In 1933, the Three-year Expedition to East Greenland.[310]
- In school district, high school and highway are named for Lindbergh, and he has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.[311]
- In 1937, a transatlantic race was proposed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Lindbergh's flight to Paris, though it was eventually modified to take a different course of similar length (see 1937 Istres–Damascus–Paris Air Race).
- He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1967.
- The Royal Air Force Museum in London minted a medal with his image as part of a 50 medal set called The History of Man in Flight in 1972.[312]
- The original Lindbergh residence in Little Falls, Minnesota, is maintained as a museum, and is listed as a National Historic Landmark.[313][314]
- In February 2002, the Medical University of South Carolina at Charleston, within the celebrations for the Lindbergh 100th birthday established the Lindbergh-Carrel Prize,[315] given to major contributors to "development of perfusion and bioreactor technologies for organ preservation and growth". M. E. DeBakey and nine other scientists[316] received the prize, a bronze statuette expressly created for the event by the Italian artist C. Zoli and named "Elisabeth", after Elisabeth Morrow, sister of Lindbergh's wife Anne Morrow, who died as a result of heart disease.[317] Lindbergh was disappointed that contemporary medical technology could not provide an artificial heart pump that would allow for heart surgery on Elisabeth and that led to the first contact between Carrel and Lindbergh.[317]
Awards and decorations
Lindbergh received many awards, medals and decorations, most of which were later donated to the
- United States government
- Medal of Honor (December 14, 1927)
- Distinguished Flying Cross (June 11, 1927)[320][321]
- Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution (1927)
- Congressional Gold Medal (Approved May 4, 1928,[322] presented August 15, 1930)[323]
- Other U.S. awards
- Orteig Prize (1927, see details above)
- Harmon Trophy (1927)
- Hubbard Medal (1927)
- Honorary Scout (Boy Scouts of America, 1927)[324]
- New York State Medal for Valor (June 13, 1927)[114][325]
- Silver Buffalo Award (Boy Scouts of America, 1928)[326]
- Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (1949)
- Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1953)
- Pulitzer Prize (1954)
- Non-U.S. awards
- Knight of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, May 28, 1927)[96][331][332]
- Air Force Cross (United Kingdom, May 31, 1927)[333][104][105]
- Silver Cross of Boyacá (Colombia, January 28, 1928)[334][335]
- Order of the Liberator, Commander (Venezuela, January 29, 1928)[336][337][338]
- Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Grand Cross (Cuba, February 10, 1928)[339]
- Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class (Japan, September 9, 1931)[340]
- Aeronautical Virtue Order (Romania, January 13, 1933)[341][342]
- Order of the German Eagle with Star (Nazi Germany, October 19, 1938)[343]
- Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines, May 14, 1971)[278]
- Fédération Aéronautique Internationale FAI Gold Medal (1927)
- ICAO Edward Warner Award (1975)[344]
- Royal Swedish Aero Clubs Gold plaque (1927)[345]
Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve. Place and date: From New York City to Paris, France, May 20–21, 1927. Entered service at: Little Falls, Minn. Born: February 4, 1902, Detroit, Mich. G.O. No.: 5, W.D., 1928; Act of Congress December 14, 1927.[346][N 6]
- Citation
For displaying heroic courage and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life, by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the "Spirit of St. Louis", from New York City to Paris, France, 20–21 May 1927, by which Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the greatest individual triumph of any American citizen but demonstrated that travel across the ocean by aircraft was possible.[350]
Other recognition
- 1934–1939 Trustee of the Carnegie Institution[351]
- 1965 International Aerospace Hall of Fame Inductee[352]
- 1991 Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame Inductee[353]
- Ranked No. 3 on Flying magazine's 51 Heroes of Aviation[354]
- Member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows[355]
Writings
In addition to "WE" and The Spirit of St. Louis, Lindbergh wrote prolifically over the years on other topics, including science, technology, nationalism, war, materialism, and values. Included among those writings were five other books: The Culture of Organs (with Dr. Alexis Carrel) (1938), Of Flight and Life (1948), The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh (1970), Boyhood on the Upper Mississippi (1972), and his unfinished Autobiography of Values (posthumous, 1978).[356][357]
In popular culture
Literature
In addition to many biographies, such as A. Scott Berg's 1998 award-winning bestseller Lindbergh, Lindbergh also influenced or was the model for characters in a variety of works of fiction.[358] Shortly after he made his famous flight, the Stratemeyer Syndicate began publishing a series of books for juvenile readers called the Ted Scott Flying Stories (1927–1943), which were written by a number of authors all using the nom de plume "Franklin W. Dixon", in which the pilot hero was closely modeled after Lindbergh. Ted Scott duplicated the solo flight to Paris in the series' first volume, entitled Over the Ocean to Paris published in 1927.[359] Another reference to Lindbergh appears in the Agatha Christie novel (1934) and movie Murder on the Orient Express (1974) which begins with a fictionalized depiction of the Lindbergh kidnapping.[360]
There have been several
Film and television
- Lindbergh has been the subject of numerous documentary films, including Charles A. Lindbergh (1927), a UK documentary by De Forest Phonofilm; 40,000 Miles with Lindbergh (1928), featuring Lindbergh himself; and The American Experience—Lindbergh: The Shocking, Turbulent Life of America's Lone Eagle (1988).[362][363][364]
- The 1942 MGM picture Keeper of the Flame, starring Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy, features Hepburn as the widow of a "Lindbergh-like" national hero.[365]
- In the major motion picture The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), directed by Billy Wilder, Lindbergh was played by James Stewart, an admirer of Lindbergh and himself a World War II aviator. The film largely centers around Lindbergh's record-breaking 1927 flight.[366] Prior to the casting of Stewart, John Kerr declined to play the role because of Lindbergh's alleged pro-Nazi beliefs.[367]
- In 1976,
- Lindbergh was the theme of prolific director Orson Welles's final living film project in 1984, The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh, where Welles speaks of the human spirit while quoting Lindbergh's journal. Although never intended to be viewed by the public, a brief clip can be seen at the end of Vassili Slovic's 1995 documentary Orson Welles: the One-Man Band.
- The 2020 populistwith strong ties to Nazi Germany.
- Charles Lindbergh "Chuck" McGill, a fictional character in the TV series Better Call Saul (2015–2022), was named after Lindbergh.[369]
Music
Within days of the flight, dozens of Tin Pan Alley publishers rushed a variety of popular songs into print celebrating Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis including "Lindbergh (The Eagle of the U.S.A.)" by Howard Johnson and Al Sherman, and "Lucky Lindy!" by L. Wolfe Gilbert and Abel Baer. In the two-year period following Lindbergh's flight, the U.S. Copyright Office recorded three hundred applications for Lindbergh songs.[370][371] Tony Randall revived "Lucky Lindy" in an album of Jazz Age and Depression-era songs that he recorded titled Vo Vo De Oh Doe (1967).[372]
While the exact origin of the name of the Lindy Hop is disputed, it is widely acknowledged that Lindbergh's 1927 flight helped to popularize the dance: soon after "Lucky Lindy" "hopped" the Atlantic, the Lindy Hop became a trendy, fashionable dance, and songs referring to the "Lindbergh Hop" were quickly released.[373][374][375][376]
In 1929,
In the early 1940s Woody Guthrie wrote "Lindbergh" or "Mister Charlie Lindbergh"[378] which criticizes Lindbergh's involvement with the America First Committee and his suspected sympathy for Nazi Germany.
Postage stamps
Lindbergh and the Spirit have been honored by a variety of world postage stamps over the last eight decades, including three issued by the United States. Less than three weeks after the flight the
Other
During World War II, Lindbergh was a frequent target of Dr. Seuss's first political cartoons, published in the New York magazine PM, in which Geisel criticized Lindbergh's isolationism, antisemitism, and supposed Nazi sympathies.[382]
Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis is featured in the opening sequence of Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–2005), which aimed to follow the "evolution of exploration" by featuring significant designs throughout history, starting with the frigate HMS Enterprise and Montgolfière balloon, to the Wright Flyer III, Spirit of St. Louis and Bell X-1, up through the Lunar Module Eagle, Space Shuttle Enterprise, Mars rover Sojourner, and International Space Station.[383]
St. Louis area–based GoJet Airlines uses the callsign "Lindbergh" after Charles Lindbergh.
See also
Notes
- ^ Lindbergh fathered a total of 13 children throughout his life—six with long-time wife Anne Morrow, the first-born of which, Charles Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in his infancy; and seven other children with three separate European women out of wedlock.[2]
- ^ Dates of military rank: Cadet, Army Air Corps – March 19, 1924, 2nd Lieutenant, Officer Reserve Corps (ORC) – March 14, 1925, 1st Lieutenant, ORC – December 7, 1925, Captain, ORC – July 13, 1926, Colonel, ORC – July 18, 1927 (As of 1927, Lindbergh was a member of the Missouri National Guard and was assigned to the 110th Observation Squadron in St. Louis.[37]), Brigadier General, USAFR – April 7, 1954.[38]
- ^ "Always there was some new experience, always something interesting going on to make the time spent at Brooks and Kelly one of the banner years in a pilot's life. The training is difficult and rigid, but there is none better. A cadet must be willing to forget all other interest in life when he enters the Texas flying schools and he must enter with the intention of devoting every effort and all of the energy during the next 12 months towards a single goal. But when he receives the wings at Kelly a year later, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he has graduated from one of the world's finest flying schools." "WE" p. 125
- ^ Quote: So while the world's attention was focused on Hopewell, from which the first press dispatches emanated about the kidnapping, the Democrat made sure its readers knew that the new home of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was in East Amwell Township, Hunterdon County.[155]
- ^ Lindbergh's "flight to Europe" ship SS American Importer was sold to Société Maritime Anversoise, Antwerp, Belgium in February 1940 and renamed Ville de Gand. Just after midnight on August 19, 1940, the vessel was torpedoed by the German submarine U-48 about 200 miles west of Ireland while sailing from Liverpool to New York and sank with the loss of 14 crew.[169]
References
- ^ Every and Tracy 1927, pp. 60, 84, 99, 208.
- ^ a b c Schröck, Rudolf The Lone Eagle's Clandestine Nests. Charles Lindbergh's German secrets". Archived May 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. The Atlantic Times, June 2005
- ^ a b "Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr. | Interim 1920 - 1940 | U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve | Medal of Honor Recipient". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
Highest Rank: Brigadier General
- ^ Bryson 2013, pp. 25–104.
- ^ a b "Charles Lindbergh receives the French 'Cross of Legion of Honor' from President Doumergue". www.criticalpast.com. 1927. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ^ "Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee". www.charleslindbergh.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2005. Retrieved February 3, 2006.
- ^ a b "Lindbergh Quits Air Corps; Sees His Loyalty Questioned". The New York Times. April 29, 1941. p. 1.
Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh resigned yesterday his colonel's commission in the United States Army Air Corps Reserve, saying that he could see "no honorable alternative".
- ^ "Charles Lindbergh's Sept 1 1941 Speech". www.historyonthenet.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
- ^ A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh (1998), pp 431-437.
- ^ The San Bernardino Daily Sun. Vol. 51. Associated Press. October 23, 1944. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter Group" Archived December 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Environmentalist". Minnesota Historical Society - Charles Lindbergh House and Museum. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ Larson 1973, pp. 31–32.
- ^ "Parents and Sisters". Charles Lindbergh History & Museum. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Larson 1973, pp. 208–209.
- ISBN 978-1-60671-130-9.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 19–22.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 22–25.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, p. 23.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, p. 25.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 26–28.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 29–36.
- ^ Westover, Lee Ann. "Montana Aviator: Great Grandfather Bob Westover and Charles Lindbergh in Montana". Archived April 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Iron Mullett, 2008. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 39–43.
- ^ "Charles Lindbergh's First Solo Flight & First Plane" Archived May 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Charles Lindbergh official site. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 44–45.
- ^ "Daredevil Lindbergh and His Barnstorming Days" Archived March 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine American Experience, PBS (WGBH), 1999.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Smith, Susan Lampert "Dr. Bertha Stories: Dr. Bertha's Decades in the River Valley Included remarkable Medical Feats". Wisconsin State Journal, April 20, 2003.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 84–93.
- ^ Berg 1998, p. 73.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 144–148.
- ^ Moseley 1976, p. 56.
- ^ Official National Guard Register. 1927. p. 529.
- ^ Berg 1998, p. 488.
- ^ a b "Charles Lindbergh: An American Aviator" Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: February 15, 2010.
- ^ "Robertson Aircraft Corporation" Archived May 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. charleslindbergh.com.
- ^ Berg 1995, p. 95. Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Certificate of the Oath of Mail Messengers executed by Charles A. Lindbergh, Pilot, CAM-2, April 13, 1926" Archived May 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. charleslindbergh.com.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 185–7, 192–3
- ^ a b Lindbergh 1953, pp. 6–8.
- ^ Lindbergh 1927, pp. 185–193
- ^ Lindbergh 1953, p. 79.
- ^ "Alcock and Brown: The First Non-stop Aerial Crossing of the Atlantic" Archived December 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Aviation History Online Museum. Retrieved: July 17, 2009.
- ^ Lindbergh 1953, pp. 31, 74.
- ^ "Fate of Nungesser Is Still a Mystery". The New York Times, May 17, 1927, p. 3.
- ^ "Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight". HISTORY. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Orteig made the offer again...Several of the world's top aviators–including American polar explorer Richard Byrd...decided to accept the challenge, and so did Charles Lindbergh.
- ^ "Charles A. Lindbergh Orteig Prize collection | National Air and Space Museum". airandspace.si.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
The Raymond Orteig Historical Archive consists of approximately 188 documents relating to the prize...Included are the original entry forms of...Clarence Chamberlin
- ^ dollartimes.com Archived September 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 3, 2017
- ^ Lindbergh 1953, pp. 25, 31.
- ^ "Air Race to Paris promised by backer of Bellanca plane" The New York Times, April 16, 1927, p. 1
- ^ "Mail flier chosen for Bellanca hop" The New York Times, April 20, 1927, p. 11
- ^ "Acosta withdraws from Paris Flight" The New York Times, April 29, 1927, p. 23
- ^ Lindbergh 1953, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Hall, Nova "Spirit & Creator: The Mysterious Man Behind Lindbergh's Flight to Paris". Sheffield, MA:ATN Publishing (2002) p. 68
- ^ Lindbergh 1953, pp. 134.
- ^ "Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight". Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
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The helicopter...was lost in the South China Sea in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Notified by the accompanying HC-130 that the helicopter was trailing smoke, the aircraft commander...made an emergency landing at sea. It was determined that the main transmission had cracked and was leaking oil.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
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Sources
- Bryson, Bill (2013). One Summer: America, 1927. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0767919401.
- Lindbergh, Charles A. (1927). "WE". G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-4871876339.
- Lindbergh, Charles A. (1953). The Spirit of St. Louis. C. Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0743237055.
- Lindbergh, Charles A. (1970). The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151946259.
- Lindbergh, Charles A. (1977). Charles A. Lindbergh: Autobiography of Values. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151102020..
- "Lindbergh: U.S. Air Mail Service Pioneer". Lindbergh Foundation. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- "Pan Am's First Routes from Brownsville". The Pan Am Historical Foundation. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
Further reading
Articles
- Brody, Richard (February 1, 2017). "The Frightening Lessons of Philip Roth's 'The Plot Against America'". The New Yorker.
- Hampton, Dan (May 19, 2017). "The World Over Which Charles Lindbergh Flew". TIME.
- Singer, Saul Jay. "The Anti-Semitism Of Charles Lindbergh," Jewish Press March 6, 2019 online
- Thomas, Louisa (July 24, 2016). "America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump". The New Yorker.
Books
- Bak, Richard (2011). The Big Jump: Lindbergh and the Great Atlantic Air Race. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471477525.
- Berg, A. Scott (1998). Lindbergh. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0425170410.
- Cole, Wayne S. (1974). Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-118168-1.
- Duffy, James P. (2010). Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1596986015. online
- Dunn, Susan. 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the election amid the storm (Yale University Press, 2013). online
- Gehrz, Christopher. Charles Lindbergh: A Religious Biography of America's Most Infamous Pilot (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2021) online also see online book review.
- Groom, Winston (2013). The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight. National Geographic. ISBN 978-1426211560.
- Jackson, Joe (2012). Atlantic Fever: Lindbergh, His Competitors, and the Race to Cross the Atlantic. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0374106751.
- Kessner, Thomas (2010). The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532019-0.
- Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (1966). North To The Orient. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0156671408.
- Lindbergh, Reeve (1999). Under A Wing: A Memoir. Delta. ISBN 978-1439148839.
- Milton, Joyce (1993). Loss of Eden: A Biography of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060165031.
- Mosley, Leonard (1976). Lindbergh: A Biography. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-09578-5.
- Olson, Lynne (2013). Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6974-3.
- Wallace, Max (2005). The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-33531-1.
- Winters, Kathleen (2006). Anne Morrow Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6932-3.
Series
- "Lindbergh: Daredevil". PBS.
- "Lindbergh: The Spirit of St. Louis". PBS.
- "Lindbergh: Transatlantic Flight, New York to Paris". PBS.
- "Lindbergh: The Kidnapping". PBS.
- "Lindbergh: Fallen Hero". PBS.
External links
- Charles A. Lindbergh in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
- Lindbergh's first solo flight Archived May 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- FBI History – Famous cases: The Lindbergh kidnapping
- FBI Records: The Vault – Charles Lindbergh at fbi.gov
- Newspaper clippings about Charles Lindbergh in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Finding aids to archival collections:
- Morrow-Lindbergh-McIlvaine Family Papers at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
- Charles Augustus Lindbergh papers (MS 325). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
- The Lindbergh Family Papers, including some materials of Charles Lindbergh, available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society