Charles Murray (political scientist)
Charles Murray | |
---|---|
Born | Charles Alan Murray January 8, 1943 Newton, Iowa, U.S. |
Spouses | Suchart Dej-Udom
(m. 1966; div. 1980)Catherine Bly Cox (m. 1983) |
Children | 4 |
Awards | Social welfare policy |
Notable works | Losing Ground (1984) The Bell Curve (1994) Coming Apart (2012) |
Charles Alan Murray (/ˈmɜːri/; born January 8, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is the W.H. Brady Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.[1]
Murray's work is highly controversial.[2][3][4][5][6] His book Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) discussed the American welfare system. In the book The Bell Curve (1994), he and co-author Richard Herrnstein argue that in 20th-century American society, intelligence became a better predictor than parental socioeconomic status or education level of many individual outcomes, including income, job performance, pregnancy out of wedlock, and crime, and that social welfare programs and education efforts to improve social outcomes for the disadvantaged are largely counterproductive. The Bell Curve also claims that average intelligence quotient (IQ) differences between racial and ethnic groups are at least partly genetic in origin, a view that is now considered discredited by mainstream science.[7][8][9]
Early life and education
Of
Murray credits the
Murray earned a BA in history from Harvard University in 1965 and a PhD in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1974.[1][18]
Peace Corps
Murray left for the
Murray credits his time in the Peace Corps in Thailand with his lifelong interest in Asia. "There are aspects of Asian culture as it is lived that I still prefer to Western culture, 30 years after I last lived in Thailand," says Murray. "Two of my children are half-Asian. Apart from those personal aspects, I have always thought that the Chinese and Japanese civilizations had elements that represented the apex of human accomplishment in certain domains."[21]
His tenure with the Peace Corps ended in 1968, and during the remainder of his time in Thailand he worked on an American Institutes for Research (AIR) covert counter-insurgency program for the US military in cooperation with the CIA.[22][23][24]
Recalling his time in Thailand in a 2014 episode of Conversations with Bill Kristol, Murray commented that his worldview was fundamentally shaped by his time there, "Essentially, most of what you read in my books I learned in Thai villages." He continued:, "I suddenly was struck first by the enormous discrepancy between what Bangkok thought was important to the villagers and what the villagers wanted out of government. And the second thing I got out of it was that when the government change agent showed up, the village went to hell in terms of its internal governance."[25]
Murray's work in the Peace Corps and subsequent social research in Thailand for research firms associated with the US government led to the subject of his doctoral thesis in political science at MIT, in which he argued against bureaucratic intervention in the lives of Thai villagers.[26][27]
Divorce and remarriage
By the 1980s, his marriage to Suchart Dej-Udom had been unhappy for years, but "his childhood lessons on the importance of responsibility brought him slowly to the idea that divorce was an honorable alternative, especially with young children involved."[28]
Murray divorced Dej-Udom after fourteen years of marriage
Murray has four children, two by each wife.
Research
Murray continued research work at AIR, one of the largest of the private social science research organizations, upon his return to the US. From 1974 to 1981, Murray worked for the AIR eventually becoming chief political scientist. While at AIR, Murray supervised evaluations in the fields of urban education, welfare services, daycare, adolescent pregnancy, services for the elderly, and criminal justice.[35]
From 1981 to 1990, he was a fellow with the conservative
Losing Ground
Murray argues in his book Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) that social welfare programs actually hurt society as a whole, as well as the very people those programs are trying to help, and concludes that these programs should therefore be eliminated.[38] Murray proposes three "laws" of social programs to defend this policy prescription:
- "Law of Imperfect Selection": Any objective rule that defines eligibility for a social transfer program will irrationally exclude some persons.
- "Law of Unintended Rewards": Any social transfer increases the net value of being in the condition that prompted the transfer.
- "Law of Net Harm": The less likely it is that the unwanted behavior will change voluntarily, the more likely it is that a program to induce change will cause net harm.[39]
The Bell Curve
External videos | |
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Booknotes interview with Murray on The Bell Curve, December 4, 1994, C-SPAN |
The book's most controversial argument hinged on a hypothesized relationship between race and intelligence, specifically the hypothesis that differences in average IQ test performance between racial groups are at least partially genetic in origin. Subsequent developments in genetics research have led to a scholarly consensus that this hypothesis is false. The idea that there are genetically determined differences in intelligence between racial groups is now considered discredited by mainstream science.[7][8][47]
Much of the work referenced by The Bell Curve was funded by the
Coming Apart
In his bestseller Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (2012), Murray describes diverging trends between poor and upper middle-class white Americans in the half-century after the death of John F. Kennedy. He focuses on white Americans in order to argue that economic decline in that period was not experienced solely by minorities, whom he brings into his argument in the last few chapters of the book. He argues that class strain has cleaved white Americans into two distinct, highly segregated strata: "an upper class, defined by educational attainment, and a new lower class, characterized by the lack of it. Murray also posits that the new [white] 'lower class' is less industrious, less likely to marry and raise children in a two-parent household, and more politically and socially disengaged."[53]
Critics have suggested that he cherry-picked the data and time period under analysis, with Nell Irvin Painter, for example, writing that "behaviors that seem to have begun in the 1960s belong to a much longer and more complex history than ideologically driven writers like Mr. Murray would have us believe."[54]
Op-ed writings
Murray has written
In the April 2007 issue of Commentary magazine, Murray wrote on the disproportionate representation of Jews in the ranks of outstanding achievers and says that one of the reasons is that they "have been found to have an unusually high mean intelligence as measured by IQ tests since the first Jewish samples were tested". His article concludes with an assertion: "At this point, I take sanctuary in my remaining hypothesis, uniquely parsimonious and happily irrefutable. The Jews are God's chosen people."[56]
In the July/August 2007 issue of The American, a magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute, Murray says he has changed his mind about SAT tests and says they should be scrapped: "Perhaps the SAT had made an important independent contribution to predicting college performance in earlier years, but by the time research was conducted in the last half of the 1990s, the test had already been ruined by political correctness." Murray advocates replacing the traditional SAT with the College Board's subject achievement tests: "The surprising empirical reality is that the SAT is redundant if students are required to take achievement tests."[16]
Public speech and protest at Middlebury College
On March 2, 2017, Murray was scheduled to speak at
Political views
Murray identifies as a
Education
Murray has been critical of the
Challenging "educational romanticism", he wrote Real Education: Four Simple Truths for Bringing America's Schools Back to Reality, making the argument for "four simple truths", namely: ability varies, half of all children are below average, too many people are going to college, and that America's future depends on how we educate the academically gifted.[75]
In 2014, a speech that Murray was scheduled to give at Azusa Pacific University was "postponed" due to Murray's research on human group differences.[76] Murray responded to the institution by pointing out that it was a disservice to the students and faculty to dismiss research because of its controversial nature rather than the evidence. Murray also urged the university to consider his works as they are and reach conclusions for themselves, rather than relying on sources that "specialize in libeling people".[77][78]
Economics
Murray has indicated that he believes that the government is over regulated and has expressed support for disobeying regulations he considers to be unjust.[79]
Murray supports having simpler tax codes and decreasing government benefits, which could incentivize childbearing.[80] In June 2016, Murray wrote that replacing welfare with a universal basic income (UBI) was the best way to adapt to "a radically changing U.S. jobs market"[81] and defended that, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $200 billion cheaper than the current system.[82][83]
Abortion
During an appearance at CPAC, Murray said of abortions: "It's a murder—it's a homicide—but sometimes homicide is justified".[84] He has said that he believes that it is acceptable in certain situations including when a woman's life is at risk and when there is severe damage to the brain of the child.[85][84] Murray has also indicated that he thinks that conservatives should put social issues like abortion on the back burner and has said they should seek a "moral suasion" rather than criminalization of issues like abortion and same-sex marriage.[85]
Race
In Murray book The Bell Curve in chapters 13 and 14, where the authors wrote about the enduring differences in race and intelligence and discuss implications of that difference. They write in the introduction to chapter 13 that "The debate about whether and how much genes and environment have to do with ethnic differences remains unresolved,"[86] and that "It seems highly likely to us that both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences."[87] This stands in contrast to the contemporary and subsequent consensus of mainstream researchers, who do not find that racial disparities in educational attainment or measured intelligence are explained by between-group genetic differences.[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
Citing assertions made by Murray in The Bell Curve, The
Selected bibliography
- A Behavioral Study of Rural Modernization: Social and Economic Change in Thai Villages, Praeger Publishers, 1977.
- Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and the Chronic Delinquent (with Louis A. Cox, Jr.), SAGE Publishing, 1979.
- ISBN 0465042317. Analyzes welfare reform.
- In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0671687433.
- Apollo: The Race to the Moon (with Catherine Bly Cox), Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 978-0671706258.
- ISBN 0029146739.
- What It Means to Be a Libertarian, ISBN 0553069284.
- "IQ and economic success", The Public Interest (1997): 128, 21–35.
- Income Inequality and IQ, AEI Press, 1998.
- The Underclass Revisited, AEI Press, 1999. PDF copy
- ISBN 006019247X. A quantification and ranking of well-known scientists and artists.
- In Our Hands: A Plan To Replace The Welfare State, AEI Press, March 2006, ISBN 0844742236.
- ISBN 978-0307405388.
- ISBN 0307453421.
- The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead: Dos and Don'ts of Right Behavior, Tough Thinking, Clear Writing, and Living a Good Life, ISBN 978-0804141444.
- By the People: Rebuilding Liberty Without Permission, Crown Forum, 2015, ISBN 978-0385346511.[103]
- ISBN 978-1538744017
- Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America, Encounter Books, 2021, ISBN 978-1641771979
In addition to these books, Murray has published articles in Commentary magazine, The New Criterion, The Weekly Standard, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times.[1]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c "Charles Murray AEI Scholar". American Enterprise Institute website. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ^ Martin, Michel (January 7, 2018). "Controversial Social Scientist Charles Murray Retires". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ Siegel, Eric (April 12, 2017). "The Real Problem with Charles Murray and "The Bell Curve"". Scientific American. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ Lemann, Nicholas (January 18, 1997). "The Bell Curve Flattened: Subsequent research has seriously undercut the claims of the controversial best seller". Slate. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ^ "Bell Curve author Charles Murray speaks out after speech cut short by protests". The Guardian. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Sehgal, Parul (February 12, 2020). "Charles Murray Returns, Nodding to Caution but Still Courting Controversy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Evans, Gavin (March 2, 2018). "The unwelcome revival of 'race science'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ a b Turkheimer, Eric; Harden, Kathryn Paige; Nisbett, Richard E. (June 15, 2017). "There's still no good reason to believe black-white IQ differences are due to genes". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ^ "Intelligence research should not be held back by its past". Nature. 545: 385–386. May 25, 2017.
Historical measurements of skull volume and brain weight were done to advance claims of the racial superiority of white people. More recently, the (genuine but closing) gap between the average IQ scores of groups of black and white people in the United States has been falsely attributed to genetic differences between the races.
- ^ "The Inequality Taboo, by Charles Murray". www.bible-researcher.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^ Magazine, [email protected], Jewish. "The Secret of Jewish Genius". www.jewishmag.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISSN 0275-7176.
- ^ "Current Biography Yearbook". H.W. Wilson Co. 1986. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c Jason DeParle (October 9, 1994). "Daring Research or 'Social Science Pornography'?: Charles Murray". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ DeParle 1994, pp. 3–4. DeParle's biographical article finds throughout Murray's life the persona of a high-school prankster who "only [learns] later what the fuss [is] all about" (p. 12). Some critics have found particularly revealing DeParle's discussion of the cross-burning incident and Murray's subsequent choice to not mention it. Murray and his chums had formed a kind of good guys' gang, "the Mallows". In the fall of 1960, during their senior year, they nailed some scrap wood into a cross, adorned it with fireworks, and set it ablaze on a hill beside the police station, with scattered marshmallows as a calling card.
- Rutledge [a social worker and former juvenile delinquent] who was still hanging around the pool hall [and considers some of Murray's other memories to be idealized] recalls his astonishment the next day when the talk turned to racial persecution in a town with two black families. "There wouldn't have been a racist thought in our simple-minded minds," he says. "That's how unaware we were."
- A long pause follows when Murray is reminded of the event. "Incredibly, incredibly dumb", he says. "But it never crossed our minds that this had any larger significance. And I look back on that and say, 'How on earth could we be so oblivious?' I guess it says something about that day and age that it didn't cross our minds" (p. 4).
- ^ a b Charles Murray (July–August 2007). "Abolish the SAT". The American. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Murray, Charles A. (March 8, 2012). "Narrowing the New Class Divide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- hdl:1721.1/85708.
- ^ DeParle, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Deparle, Jason (October 9, 1994). "Daring Research or 'Social Science Pornography'?: Charles Murray". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Steve Sailer. (October 16, 2003). "Q&A with Charles Murray on Human Accomplishment". Isteve.com. UPI. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ "Charles Murray". S.H.A.M.E. Project. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ Eric R. Wolf; Joseph G. Jorgensen (November 19, 1970). "A Special Supplement: Anthropology on the Warpath in Thailand". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ Wakin, Eric (1998). Anthropology Goes to War: Professional Ethics and Counterinsurgency in Thailand. Madison, WI: Center for Southeast Asian Studies.
- ^ Murray, Charles. (July 14, 2014) [1] Archived February 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Conversationswithbillkristol.org Retrieved on 2014-09-18.
- ^ De Parle 1994.
- ^ McIntosh 2006: "My epiphany came in Thailand in the 1960s, when I first came to understand how badly bureaucracies dealt with human problems in the villages, and how well (with qualifications) villagers dealt with their own problems given certain conditions." Gene Expression: 10 questions for Charles Murray Archived December 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ DeParle, p. 7.
- ^ "Cox, Catherine Bly, 1949– . Papers, 1962–1967: A Finding Aid". Radcliffe College. harvard.edu. January 1986. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Nasa Symposium on Forty Years of Human Spaceflight Archived December 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (2001). The book was well reviewed: "Rich, densely packed and beautifully told.... Filled with cliffhangers, suspense and spine-tingling adventure". – Charles Sheffield, Washington Post Book World, July 9, 1989. "Heart-gripping.... So brilliantly told one can almost smell the perspiration in Houston Mission Control". Charles Petit, San Francisco Chronicle, July 9, 1989:
- ^ Quaker meeting: The Quaker Economist #82 – The Bell Curve Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine; current location: DeParle p. 8.
- ^ Two children from each marriage: DeParle, pp. 7–8.
- ISBN 978-0-8041-4144-4.
- ^ Olasky, Marvin. "Charles Murray and God". world.wng.org. Retrieved February 24, 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Hazlett, Thomas W. (May 1, 1985). "Interview with Charles Murray". Reason.com. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ Smith, Allison B. (1997). "The Breakdown of the American Family: Why Welfare Reform Is Not the Answer". Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. 11: 761.
- ^ "Doctorado Honorífico durante el Acto de Graduación, Charles Murray" (in Spanish). Newmedia.ufm.edu. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Mattison, Edward (1985). "Stop Making Sense: Charles Murray and the Reagan Perspective on Social Welfare Policy and the Poor". Yale Law & Policy Review. 4 (1): 90–102.
- ^ Taylor, Joan Kennedy (2002), "Deregulating the Poor", in Boaz, David (ed.), Toward Liberty: The Idea that is Changing the World, Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, pp. 81–94
- ISBN 978-1138453043. Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
- ^ a b "Charles Murray". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0080437934. Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
Herrnstein and Murray were swiftly and widely denounced as 'attempting to revive scientific racism'
- ISBN 978-0742516519. Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
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- ^ Naureckas, Jim (January 1, 1995). "Racism Resurgent". FAIR. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- ^ "The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund" (transcript from ABC World News Tonight). November 22, 1994. Retrieved May 4, 2020 – via Hartford Web Publishing.
- ^ Metcalf, Stephen (October 17, 2005). "Moral Courage: Is defending The Bell Curve an example of intellectual honesty?". Slate. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
- S2CID 144496335.
- ^ Herrnstein & Murray (1994) p. 564.
- ^ NPR Staff. "Is White, Working Class America 'Coming Apart'?". NPR. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Painter, Nell Irvin (March 24, 2012). "When Poverty Was White". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ "National Review Cruise Speakers". November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on November 15, 2006.
- ^ "Jewish Genius". Commentarymagazine.com. April 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ^ keychainmail (March 4, 2017). "Middlebury Students: College Administrator and Staff Assault Students, Endanger Lives After Murray Protest". middbeat. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ "Statement from President Laurie L. Patton Regarding Charles Murray Event". Middlebury College. March 3, 2017. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Staff writers (March 3, 2017). "Middlebury College professor injured by protesters as she escorted controversial speaker". Addison County Independent. Addison County, Vermont. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Hallenbeck, Brent (March 3, 2017). "Protesters created 'violent incident' at Middlebury". Burlington Free Press. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
- ^ Murray, Charles (March 6, 2017). "Charles Murray: 'Into the middle of a mob' – What happened when I tried to speak at Middlebury". FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ "Middlebury College Completes Sanctioning Process for March 2 Disruptions". Middlebury College. May 23, 2017. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
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- ^ "Conservative Writer Charles Murray Speaks Out Against Middlebury Students Who Shut Down Talk". Time. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Confessore, Nicholas (February 10, 2012). "Tramps Like Them". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
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- ^ "Charles Murray". Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
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- ^ "Charles Murray". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Murray, Charles (May 1, 2008). "Articles & Commentary: The Age of Educational Romanticism". Aei.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Murray, Charles (August 19, 2008). "Real Education". AEI. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ "Charles Murray Questions Azusa Pacific". Inside Higher Ed. April 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
- ^ Jaschik, Scott. "Charles Murray Questions Azusa Pacific | Inside Higher Ed". www.insidehighered.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
- ^ Murray, Charles. "Charles Murray: An open letter to the students of Azusa Pacific University". AEI Ideas. American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
- ^ Murray, Charles (May 8, 2015). "Regulation Run Amok—And How to Fight Back". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
- ^ Siegel, Eric. "The Real Problem with Charles Murray and "The Bell Curve"". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
- ^ "A guaranteed income for every American". June 3, 2016. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ^ "Is a Universal Basic Income Program Worth the Costs?, by Veronique de Rugy". www.creators.com. June 4, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
- ^ de Rugy, Veronique (June 7, 2016). "Universal Basic Income's Growing Appeal". Mercatus Center. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ^ a b "Reproductive Rights Prof Blog". lawprofessors.typepad.com. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
- ^ a b fad-admin (January 19, 2016). "Murray and Marriage". Intercollegiate Studies Institute. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
- ISBN 978-1439134917. Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ Murray and Herrnstein 2010, p. 311.
- OCLC 669754008.
- PMID 22233090.
- S2CID 85351431.
- ISBN 9781135651787. Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ISBN 9780870715761.
- ISBN 9781591470274.
- ^ "Genetic Differences and School Readiness" William T. Dickens, 2005
- ^ "Race, IQ, and Jensen" James R. Flynn (London: Routledge, 1980)
- ^ Nisbett, Richard. "Race, Genetics, and IQ", in The Black-White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips (Brookings, 1998), pp. 86–102.
- ^ Charles Murray (March 24, 2017). "Charles Murray's SPLC page as edited by Charles Murray". American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
- ^ Wheen, Francie (May 10, 2000). "The 'science' behind racism | Columnists | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Loury, Glenn (March 29, 2022). "In Defense of Charles Murray". glennloury.substack.com. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ Sullivan, Andrew (March 30, 2018). "Denying Genetics Isn't Shutting Down Racism, It's Fueling It". Intelligencer. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "Ezra Klein's Intellectual Demagoguery". National Review. April 20, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ Lozado, Carlos (May 6, 2015). "The case for conservative civil disobedience". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
Further reading
- "Biography of Murray, Charles A." (fee). Current Biography. H. W. Wilson. 1986. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- OCLC 750831024.
External links
- Biography at American Enterprise Institute
- Interview with Charles Murray by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, August 17, 2010
- Appearances on C-SPAN