Charles X of France
Charles X | |
---|---|
King of France | |
Reign | 16 September 1824 – 2 August 1830 |
Coronation | 29 May 1825 Reims Cathedral |
Predecessor | Louis XVIII |
Successor | Louis Philippe I (as King of the French) |
Prime ministers | See list
|
Görz, Austrian Empire | |
Burial | , Slovenia |
Spouse |
Marie Thérèse of Savoy (m. 1773; died 1805) |
Issue Detail |
|
Catholicism | |
Signature |
Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was
Charles's reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from the moment of
Childhood and adolescence
Charles Philippe of France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the
Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774 and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of 64.[7] His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI.[8]
Marriage and private life
In November 1773, Charles married
In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy,
Charles was thought of as the most attractive member of his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather Louis XV.
Charles also struck up a firm friendship with Marie Antoinette herself, whom he had first met upon her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve.[11] The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced her. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors. Marie Antoinette played milkmaids, shepherdesses, and country ladies, whereas Charles played lovers, valets, and farmers.
A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle. In 1775, Charles purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building.[12]
He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million
In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph.[13]
Crisis and French Revolution
Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (in particular the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Roman Catholic Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."[14]
King Louis XVI eventually convened the
In conjunction with the
Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. With the concurrence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers. These included the Duchess of Polignac, the queen's favourite.[17] His flight was historically attributed to personal fears for his own safety. However recent research indicates that the King had approved his brother's departure in advance, seeing it as a means of ensuring that one close relative would be free to act as a spokesman for the monarchy, after Louis himself had been moved from Versailles to Paris.[18]
Life in exile
Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in
Charles meanwhile left
After the
On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands.[24] This measure was followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the former king and former queen were eventually executed in 1793.[25] The young former dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795.[26]
When the
Bourbon Restoration
In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the
Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace.[31] The Count of Artois lived in the Pavillon de Mars, and the Duke of Angoulême in the Pavillon de Flore, which overlooked the River Seine.[32] The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792.[31]
Following the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII promulgated a liberal constitution, the
After the
King's brother and heir presumptive
While the king retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as
On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, the Duke of Berry, was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as Charles's elder son, the Duke of Angoulême, was childless. The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to the Duke of Orléans and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of the Salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux.[38] His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth.[39] As a result, his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count of Chambord, hence Henri, Count of Chambord, the name by which he is usually known.
Reign
Ascension and Coronation
Charles' brother King Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824.[40] Having both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69. Charles, by now aged 66, succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X.[41] On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French kings; it had been unused since 1775, as Louis XVIII had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health was too precarious.[42] It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated his revolutionary empire; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, Charles reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy.[43]
Like the regime of the Restoration itself, the coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and the charter of 1814: it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims.
A commission was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) – it lasted three and a half hours.
In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for the Ancien Régime; the fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouraged Chateaubriand, a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned. In the brochure The King is Dead! Long live the king! Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new monarchy to the oath of the old monarchy"; it is continuity with the Ancien Régime more than its return that the royalists extol, Charles X having inherited the qualities of his ancestors: "pious like Saint Louis, affable, compassionate and vigilant like Louis XII, courteous like Francis I, frank as Henry IV".
The coronation showed that dynastic continuity went hand in hand with political continuity; for Chateaubriand: "The current constitution is only the rejuvenated text of the code of our old franchises".
This coronation took several days: the May 28, vespers ceremony; May 29, ceremony of the coronation itself, chaired by the Archbishop of Reims, Mgr. Jean-Baptiste de Latil, in the presence in particular of Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, and a large audience; May 30, award ceremony for the Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit and finally, May 31, the Royal touch of scrofula.
The coronation of Charles X therefore appeared to be a compromise between the tradition of the Ancien Régime and the political changes that had taken place since the Revolution. The coronation nevertheless had a limited influence on the population, mentalities no longer being those of yesteryear. From then on, the coronation caused incomprehension in certain sectors of public opinion.
It was Luigi Cherubini who composed the music for the Coronation Mass. For the occasion, the composer Gioachino Rossini composed the Opera Il Viaggio a Reims.
Domestic policies
Like Napoleon and then Louis XVIII before him, Charles X resided mainly at the Tuileries Palace and, in summer, at the Château de Saint-Cloud, two monuments that no longer exist today. Occasionally he stayed at the Château de Compiègne and the Château de Fontainebleau, while the Palace of Versailles, where he was born, remained uninhabited.
The reign of Charles X began with some liberal measures such as the abolition of press censorship, but the king renewed the term of Joseph de Villèlle, president of the council since 1822, and gave the reins of government to the ultraroyalists.
He got closer to the population by the trip he made to the north of France in September 1827,[44] then to the east of France in September 1828.[45] He was accompanied by his eldest son and heir-apparent, the Duke of Angoulême, now Dauphin of France.
In his first act as king, Charles attempted to bring comity to the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of the House of Orléans, a title denied by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' vote for the death of Louis XVI.
Charles gave his prime minister, Villèlle lists of laws to be ratified in each parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation originally proposed by Louis XVIII to pay an
That Charles was not a popular ruler in the mostly-liberal minded urban Paris became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the king's review of the
Conquest of Algeria
On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to end the threat of Algerian pirates to
July Revolution
The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill requiring the King's minister to obtain the support of the Chambers, and on 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority of 30, voted in favor. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections, and the chamber was suspended on 19 March.[49]
The elections of 23 June did not produce a majority favorable to the government. On 6 July, the king and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for in Article 14 of the Charter in case of emergency. On 25 July, at the royal residence in Saint-Cloud, Charles issued four ordinances that censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system, and called for elections under the new system in September.[48]
The Ordinances were intended to quell the popular discontent but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of the
The next morning of 27 July, police
The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont's request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte's house and elected Louis Philippe d'Orléans to take the throne from King Charles, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles' government had evaporated.[54]
A few minutes after midnight on 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of the Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters at
The following day, 2 August, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin in favor of his grandson Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to the throne of France. According to the Duchess of Maillé, "there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room." Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned his father's declaration:[57]
"My cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people, not to seek means of avoiding them. Therefore, I have made the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. It will thus fall to you, in your capacity as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all pertinent measures to regulate the forms of government during the new king's minority. Here, I limit myself to stating these arrangements, as a means of avoiding further evils. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognized as king under the name of Henri V."[a]
Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed
Second exile and death
When it became apparent that a mob 14,000 strong was preparing to attack, the royal family left Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked for the United Kingdom on
Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had lent him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be repaid in full. However, the family was able to use money Charles's wife had deposited in London.[59]
The Bourbons were allowed to reside in
Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess declared herself regent for her son Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was now the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her this role, but in December agreed to support her claim[61] once she had landed in France.[60][page needed] In 1831 the Duchess made her way from Britain by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria to her family in Naples.[60][page needed]
Having gained little support, she arrived in
At the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace.[61] In September 1833, Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations, but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority.[63]
On the same day, after much cajoling by Chateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in Leoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet her after they learned of her second marriage. Charles refused the Duchess' demands, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, he acquiesced. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.[63]
Upon the death of the Austrian emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Prague Castle, as the new emperor
In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at
A movement reportedly began in 2016 advocating for Charles X's remains to be buried along with other French monarchs in the
Honours
- Kingdom of France:
- Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, 1 January 1771[68]
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 3 July 1816[69]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Louis, 10 July 1816[70]
- Grand Master and Knight of the Order of St. Michael
- Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of St. Lazarus
- Décoration de la Fidélité
- Decoration of The Lily
- Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1825[71]
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 2 October 1824[72]
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Military William Order, 13 May 1825[73]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 4 October 1824[74]
- Russian Empire:[75]
- Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, June 1815
- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, June 1815
- Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1827[76]
- Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 6 October 1761[77]
- Two Sicilies:[78]
- Knight of the Order of St. Januarius
- Grand Cross of the Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit
- Knight of the
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter, 9 March 1825[79]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Charles X of France Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marriage and issue
Charles X married
- Marie Thérèse of France, no issue.
- Sophie, Mademoiselle d'Artois(5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783), died in childhood.
- Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 13 February 1820), married Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, had issue.
- Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême (6 January 1783 – 22 June 1783), died in childhood.
In fiction and film
The Count of Artois is portrayed by Al Weaver in Sofia Coppola's motion picture Marie Antoinette.
Notes
- ^ Charles X's abdication (in French): "Mon cousin, je suis trop profondément peiné des maux qui affligent ou qui pourraient menacer mes peuples pour n'avoir pas cherché un moyen de les prévenir. J'ai donc pris la résolution d'abdiquer la couronne en faveur de mon petit-fils, le duc de Bordeaux. Le dauphin, qui partage mes sentiments, renonce aussi à ses droits en faveur de son neveu. Vous aurez donc, en votre qualité de lieutenant général du royaume, à faire proclamer l'avènement de Henri V à la couronne. Vous prendrez d'ailleurs toutes les mesures qui vous concernent pour régler les formes du gouvernement pendant la minorité du nouveau roi. Ici, je me borne à faire connaître ces dispositions : c'est un moyen d'éviter encore bien des maux. Vous communiquerez mes intentions au corps diplomatique, et vous me ferez connaître le plus tôt possible la proclamation par laquelle mon petit-fils sera reconnu roi sous le nom de Henri V."
References
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- ^ "Charles X | Biography, Reign, Abdication, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ a b Price, Munro. The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions. Macmillan. pp. 185–187.
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- ^ Évelyne Lever, Louis XVI, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43.
- ^ Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: the Journey, pp. 113–116.
- ^ Charles Porset, Hiram sans-culotte? Franc-maçonnerie, lumières et révolution: trente ans d'études et de recherches, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998, p. 207.
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- ^ a b Haus, Hélène (25 September 2016). "Et si les cendres du roi Charles X étaient transférées à la basilique Saint-Denis?" [Are the remains of Charles X to be transferred to Basilica of St Denis?]. Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 20 February 2017.
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- ^ Königlich Sächsischer Hof-Civil-und MilitärStaat im Jahre 1828 (in German). 1828. p. 53.
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- ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 11.
Further reading
- Artz, Frederick Binkerd. France Under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814–1830 (1931). online free
- Artz, Frederick B. Reaction and Revolution 1814–1832 (1938), covers Europe. online
- Brown, Bradford C. "France, 1830 Revolution." in by Immanuel Ness, ed., The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest (2009): 1–8.
- Frederking, Bettina. "'Il ne faut pas être le roi de deux peuples': strategies of national reconciliation in Restoration France." French History 22.4 (2008): 446–468. in English
- Rader, Daniel L. The Journalists and the July Revolution in France: The Role of the Political Press in the Overthrow of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830 (Springer, 2013).
- Weiner, Margery. The French Exiles, 1789–1815 (Morrow, 1961).
- Wolf, John B. France 1814–1919: the Rise of a Liberal Democratic Society (1940) pp 1–58.
Historiography
- Sauvigny, G. de Bertier de (Spring 1981). "The Bourbon Restoration: One Century of French Historiography". JSTOR 286306.
External links
- Media related to Charles X of France at Wikimedia Commons
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