Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site
Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site | |
Nearest city | Beaufort, South Carolina, U.S. |
---|---|
Built | 1562 |
NRHP reference No. | 74001822 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | August 7, 1974[1] |
Designated NHL | January 3, 2001[2] |
The Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site is an important early colonial archaeological site on Parris Island, South Carolina, United States. It contains the archaeological remains of a French settlement called Charlesfort, settled in 1562 and abandoned the following year, and the later 16th-century Spanish settlement known as Santa Elena. The Spanish remains include a fort built directly on top of the abandoned Charlesfort remains.
The fort and other nearby structures have been called, at various times, Fort San Marcos or Fort San Felipe, and have the designated archaeological site identifiers 38BU51 and 38BU162. Because of their remarkable state of preservation, and their importance in understanding early French and Spanish colonial practices, the site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. The site is accessible through the United States Marine Corps Recruit Depot in Port Royal, South Carolina.
Charlesfort (1562–1563, 1577-1578)
Charlesfort was established when a
After Ribault left, most of the settlers' stores were burned and Captain Albert de la Pierria died in a mutiny, possibly as a reaction to his heavy discipline. Without supplies or leadership, and beset by hostility from the native population, all but one of the remaining colonists sailed back to Europe after only a year. They built their own boat and set sail, without compass, across the Atlantic. During the long voyage in an open boat, they were reduced to cannibalism: one crew member named La Chère was killed and eaten.[3] The survivors were finally rescued in English waters by an English ship, and some eventually reached France.[4]
Shortly after the departure of the French,
Santa Elena (1566–1587)
Founded in 1566 on the site of Charlesfort, Santa Elena was the first capital of Spanish Florida.[6] Fort San Salvador, a simple blockhouse, was built first, and then Fort San Felipe was built directly on top of the old French fort later in the year, with a new moat (the French one having been filled in). The fort was occupied until 1570, when it was destroyed by fire. The Spanish then built a second fort, also called Fort San Felipe, at an unknown nearby location. The fort and town were abandoned in 1576 due in part to hostility of the local natives.[7][8]
In 1577 the Spanish returned and built Fort San Marcos. It was used until 1582 or 1583, when a second Fort San Marcos was constructed. This fortification had a moat dug around it in 1586, in anticipation of an attack by Sir Francis Drake. Santa Elena and the fortifications were finally abandoned in 1587. At its height, the town had about sixty dwellings, with an estimated population of 400-450.[7]
Archaeological history
The area's archaeological importance was first identified in the mid-19th century by amateurs, who found what they believed to be Charlesfort and excavated large hinges such as would have been used on a large gate. In the summer of 1917 some of the earthworks associated with the first Fort San Felipe were leveled by United States Marine Corps personnel, filling in part of the moat. In the 1920s Major George Osterhout led an excavation of the site, which he concluded was that of Charlesfort. In response to this determination, a memorial marker was placed at the site.[7]
Osterhout's interpretation was soon disputed, and by the 1950s
The site is one of unparalleled importance in the early colonial history of North America and South Carolina, exemplifying the early competition for control of the region. Finds at the site also include the only known early Spanish pottery kiln on the continent. Since the area was never developed agriculturally, even surface-level remains continue to be found.[7]
See also
- French Florida
- Spanish Florida
- Roanoke Colony
- List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaufort County, South Carolina
- Bibliography of South Carolina history
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ "Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
- ^ Purchas, Samuel (1906). Hakluytus Posthumus, or, Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others. Vol. 18. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons. p. 182.
- ^ Quirion, K.R.T. (May 31, 2020). "The Story of a Failed French Settlement in 16th Century North America: Charlesfort". History is Now magazine. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- OCLC 253680934.
- ^ "Charlesfort-Santa Elena". National Historic Landmark, American Latino Heritage Sites. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Barnes, Mark R.; Henry, Patty; Martin Siebert, Erika K. (2000). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Charlesfort-Santa Elena / 38BU51 and 38BU162" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
- ^ a b "Attachment to National Historic Landmark Nomination for Charlesfort-Santa Elena / 38BU51 and 38BU162: Three photos of artefacts, from 1981, 1982, and 1997 respectively" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
External links
- Media related to Charlesfort at Wikimedia Commons
- Charles Forte (Beaufort County), at South Carolina Department of Archives and History