Chaulukya dynasty
Chaulukyas of Gujarat (Solankis) | |||||||||||||
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c. 940 CE–1244 CE | |||||||||||||
A Chaulukya-Paramara coin, circa 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of Chavda dynasty coins: Indo-Sassanian style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.[1]
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Anahilavada (modern Patan) | |||||||||||||
Religion | Hinduism, Jainism | ||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Established | c. 940 CE | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1244 CE | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | India |
The Chaulukya dynasty (
Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.
Name
The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records.[6] The four exceptions are:[7]
- "Chaulukika" in the Kadi grant of Mularaja
- "Saulkika" in a grant of Chamundaraja
- "Chaulakya" in the Sambhar inscription of Jayasimha
- "Chaullakya" in the Jalor inscription of Kumarapala
Hemachandra, a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya".[7] His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his Kumarapala-Charita mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in Kirti-Kaumudi) and "Chulukya" (in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala).[8]
"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.[9]
Origins
The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "
However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by Brahma.[6] The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows: the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka (pot or folded palm in Sanskrit), which was filled with Ganges water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra's Dvyashraya-Kavya. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two.[11] This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day Mathura.[12]
The Chaulukya rulers have been called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" ("ruler of Gurjara").
However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves:
History
Early rulers
The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the
Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the
Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son Vallabharaja as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to Varanasi. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of smallpox during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the Paramara kingdom of Malwa by some chroniclers.[34]
Chamundaraja's other son Durlabharaja became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king Bhoja.[35]
Neighbouring rivalries
Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew
Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the
Bhima's son Karna succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother Udayaditya, supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.[43][44] Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the Lata region. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.[45]
The Naddula Chahamana ruler
Imperial expansion
Karna's son
Jayasimha defeated the
During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the
Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative Kumarapala, who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.[58] After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.[59] Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.[60] Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son Katukaraja capture the throne of Naddula.[61] Katukaraja's younger brother and successor Alhanadeva continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal.[62] Arnoraja's son Vigraharaja IV subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.[63] The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.[64]
After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king
In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against
Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from
Kumarapala was succeeded by
Decline
Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal Vaghela feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.[76]
During Bhima's reign, the
By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general
Subhatavarman, the Paramara king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.[81] Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.[82] During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor Arjunavarman defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.[82] Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.[83]
Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of
By the end of Bhima's reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as
Architecture
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Sun Temple, Modhera, constructed by Bhima I
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Rudra Mahalaya Temple, renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha
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Taranga Jain temple, constructed by Kumarapala
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Kiradu temples, constructed by Chaulukya feudatories
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Dilwara Temples, constructed by Chaulukya ministers
Religion
Most of the dynasty's rulers were
Claimed descendants
The Vaghela dynasty, which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala.[96]
Various
List of rulers
History of Gujarat |
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The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:[98][99]
Serial No. | Ruler | Reign (CE) |
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1 | Mularaja | 940–995 |
2 | Chamundaraja | 996–1008 |
3 | Vallabharaja | 1008 |
4 | Durlabharaja | 1008–1022 |
5 | Bhima I | 1022–1064 |
6 | Karna | 1064–1092 |
7 | Jayasimha Siddharaja | 1092–1142 |
8 | Kumarapala | 1142–1171 |
9 | Ajayapala | 1171–1175 |
10 | Mularaja II | 1175–1178 |
11 | Bhima II | 1178–1240 |
12 | Tribhuvanapala | 1240–1244 |
Family tree
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List of feudatories
References
- ^ Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara) coin, Classical Numismatic Group.
- ^ Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147: map XIV.3.
- ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4.
When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutkas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among these dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar and Gujarat, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhan) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur), and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had then been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century.
- ISBN 978-1-84331-132-4.
The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
- ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6.
By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...
- ^ a b c d Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 5.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 421.
- ^ a b Jai Narayan Asopa 1976, p. 43.
- ^ Jai Narayan Asopa 1976, p. 42.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 498–502.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 22.
- ^ Coin of Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka - Kumarapala, Classical Numismatic Group
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 13-17.
- ^ Ganga Prasad Yadava 1982, p. 35.
- ^ N. Jayapalan 2001, p. 146.
- ^ a b Shanta Rani Sharma 2012, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 8.
- ^ a b Durga Prasad Dikshit 1980, p. 21.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 8-9.
- ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 4.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 9.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 12.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 13.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 10–12.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 1–4.
- ^ a b John E. Cort 1998, p. 87.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 25.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 34.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 35.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 36–39.
- ^ Krishna Narain Seth 1978, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Krishna Narain Seth 1978, p. 184.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 54-55.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 127.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 60.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 125.
- ^ Tommaso Bobbio 2015, p. 164.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 69.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 70.
- ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 47.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 71.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 156.
- ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 69.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 74–75.
- ^ R. K. Dikshit 1976, p. 133.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 92.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 99–103.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 106–108.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 253.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 254.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 149.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 109.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 112.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 111.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 113-114.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 116.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 119.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 138.
- ^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 259.
- ^ Schwartzberg 1978, pp. 37, 147: map XIV.3.
- ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 139.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 140.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 141.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 143.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 145-146.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 146.
- ^ a b Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 148.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 160-161.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 149–155.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 156.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 163-164.
- ^ Gujarat. Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust. 2007. p. 404.
Architecture of the temples, forts, step-wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period (942 to 1304 A.D.). Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan. The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as 'Muru-Gurjar' style. Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style.
- ^ Hegewald 2011, note 3.
- ^ Michell (1977) uses "Solanki style", while Harle (1994) is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.
- ^ Michell 1977, p. 123.
- ^ a b Hegewald 2011, p. [page needed].
- ^ "Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ISBN 9780861862450.
- ^ Vinod Chandra Srivastava 2008, p. 857.
- ^ Edward A. Alpers 2014, p. 57.
- ^ P.B. Udgaonkar 1986, p. 215.
- ^ David P. Henige 2004, p. 125.
- ^ Romila Thapar 2008, p. 236.
- ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, p. 199.
Bibliography
- Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 4413150.
- Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107118560.
- ISBN 9780842606189.
- ISBN 978-974-524-049-0.
- Durga Prasad Dikshit (1980). Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9780836406450.
- Edward A. Alpers (2014). The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533787-7.
- Ganga Prasad Yadava (1982). Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works. Concept.
- Harle, J.C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Pelican History of Art (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300062176.
- Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). "The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora". Ars Orientalis. 45 (20220203): 114–140. ISSN 2328-1286.
- ISBN 9780861251551.
- Jai Narayan Asopa (1976). Origin of the Rajputs. Bharatiya. OCLC 483180949.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-3785-8.
- ISBN 978-0-226-05676-0.
- Michell, George (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1.
- Michell, George (1990). The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140081445.
- Krishna Narain Seth (1978). The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa. Progress. OCLC 8931757.
- N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
- P.B. Udgaonkar (1986). Political Institutions & Administration. ISBN 978-81-208-2087-6.
- ISBN 9780143064688.
- R. B. Singh (1964). History of the Chāhamānas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728.
- R. K. Dikshit (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav. ISBN 9788170170464.
- Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). "A map of the Chaulukya territory". A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147: map XIV.3 (b). ISBN 0226742210.
- Shanta Rani Sharma (2012). "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras". Indian Historical Review. 39 (1): 1–10. S2CID 145175448.
- Tommaso Bobbio (2015). Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-51400-8.
- Vinod Chandra Srivastava (2008). History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. Concept. p. 857. ISBN 978-81-8069-521-6.
External links
- Media related to Chaulukya dynasty at Wikimedia Commons