Cheating
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Cheating generally describes various actions designed to subvert rules in order to obtain unfair advantages. This includes acts of bribery, cronyism and nepotism in any situation where individuals are given preference using inappropriate criteria.[1] The rules infringed may be explicit, or they may be from an unwritten code of conduct based on morality, ethics or custom, making the identification of cheating conduct a potentially subjective process. Cheating can refer specifically to infidelity. Someone who is known for cheating is referred to as a cheat in British English, and a cheater in American English.
Academic
For centuries, rampant cheating and examiner-bribery were common problems for the
Sport, games and gambling
Sports
Cheating in sports is the intentional breaking of rules in order to obtain an advantage over the other teams or players. Sports are governed by both customs and explicit rules regarding acts which are permitted and forbidden at the event and away from it. Forbidden acts frequently include performance-enhancing drug taking (known as "doping"), using equipment that does not conform to the rules or altering the condition of equipment during play, and deliberate harassment or injury to competitors.
High-profile examples of alleged doping cheating include
Using the hand or arm by anyone other than a goalkeeper is illegal according to the rules of association football.Illegally altering the condition of playing equipment is frequently seen in bat sports such as baseball and cricket, which are heavily dependent on equipment condition. For example, in baseball, a pitcher using a doctored baseball, such as a spitball or an emery ball, or a batter using a corked bat are some examples of this. Tennis and golf are also subject to equipment cheating, with players being accused of using rackets of illegal string tension, or golf clubs of illegal weight, size, or make. Equipment cheating can also occur via the use of external aids in situations where equipment is prohibited – such as in American football via the use of stickum on the hands of receivers, making the ball easier to catch. An example of this is Hall of Famer Jerry Rice, who admitted to regularly and illegally using "stickum" throughout his career, calling into question the integrity of his receiving records.[10][11][12]
Athletic cheating is a widespread problem. For example, in professional bodybuilding, cheating is now estimated to be so universal that it is now considered impossible to engage in professional competition without cheating and the use of supposedly banned substances; bodybuilders who refuse to take banned substances now compete in natural bodybuilding leagues.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]
Cheating may also be seen in
An example of cheating via judging collusion occurred in the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal when the Russian team was awarded a gold medal over the Canadian team in an alleged vote-swapping judging deal; the Canadian team's silver medals were eventually upgraded to gold at a second awards ceremony and the French judge was suspended for misconduct. The head of the French skating federation was later also suspended, and both were banned from the 2006 Olympic Games.[13] The International Skating Union modified its judging system as a result of this case.
Cheating is also used to refer to movements in strength training that transfer weight from an isolated or fatigued muscle group to a different or fresh muscle group. This allows the cheater to move an initial greater weight (if the cheating continues through an entire training set) or to continue exercising past the point of muscular exhaustion (if the cheating begins part-way through the set). As strength training is not a sport, cheating has no rule-based consequences, but can result in injury or a failure to meet training goals. This is because each exercise is designed to target specific muscle groups and if the proper form is not used the weight can be transferred away from the targeted group.[citation needed]
Video games
In video games, cheating can take the form of secret access codes in single-player games (such as the
Attitudes towards cheating vary. Using exploits in single-player modes is usually considered to be simply another form of exploring the game's content unless the player's accomplishments are to be submitted competitively, and is common in single-player games with a high difficulty level; however, cheating in multiplayer modes is considered immoral and harshly condemned by fair players and developers alike. Cheating allows casual players to complete games at much-accelerated speed, which can be helpful in some cinematic or single-player games, which can take a subjectively long time to finish, as is typical of the
Another form of video game cheating is when a player does things to interact with game objects that are unforeseen by the programmers and break the intended function or reward system of the object. This can involve the way enemies are encountered, objectives met, items used, or any other game object that contains a software bug. One common example is the exploitation of errors in an enemy's pathfinding; if a player can cause an enemy to become "stuck" in a given terrain feature, that player can then usually kill the enemy from a distance without risk, even if much stronger, and achieve greater rewards than the player is intended to be able to at that level of progression. Another example was common in early first-person shooter games and involved skipping a weapon's reload timer by quickly switching weapons back and forth without actually reloading the weapons, resulting in what was effectively instant reloading. It also can be accomplished through means of altered game files substituted for the normal files, or image graphics changed to permit greater visibility of the targets, etc. – for example, replacing the colors on a dark-colored enemy intended to blend in with the background with a bright color permitting instant visibility and targeting. Generally speaking, there is often some concern that this is not truly cheating, as it is the fault of the programmers that such an exploit exists in the first place. However, technically, as with live sports, it is cheating if the player is not playing the game in a formally approved manner, breaking unwritten rules. In some cases, this behavior is directly prohibited by the Terms of Service of the game.[16]
Gambling
The wagering of money on an event extends the motivation for cheating beyond directly participating competitors. As in sport and games, cheating in gambling is generally related to directly breaking rules or laws, or misrepresenting the event being wagered on, or interfering in the outcome. A boxer who takes a dive, a
In the world of gambling, knowing a secret which is not priced into the odds gives a significant advantage, which may give rise to a perception of cheating. However, legal systems do not regard secretly making use of knowledge in this way as criminal deception in itself. This is in contrast to the financial world, where people with certain categories of relationship to a company are restricted from transacting, which would constitute the crime of insider trading. This may be because of a stronger presumption of equality between investors, or it may be because a company employee who also trades in the company's stock has a conflict of interest, and has thus misrepresented himself the company. An
Business
Various regulations exist to prevent unfair competitive advantages in business and finance,[18] for example competition law, or the prohibition of insider trading.
The most extreme forms of cheating (e.g. attempting to gain money through outright deceit rather than providing a service) are referred to as fraud.
See also
- 1950s quiz show scandals, series of cheating scandals that nearly destroyed the game show genre
- Cheating at the Paralympic Games
- Cheating in bridge
- Cheating in chess
- Cheating in esports
- Cheating in online games
- Cheating in poker
- Gaming the system
- Unfair competition, in business
- Metagame
References
- ^ "California State University, East Bay". Csuh.iii.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- ^ "ICAI". Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ The Case of the Purloined Paper by Brigid Schulte
- ^ "Ohiomatyc.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- ^ Reader's Digest, pp. 123-7, March 2006; Cheating: "but everybody is doing it".
- ^ "Type 20: Corruption in Education", in Zhang Yingyu, The Book of Swindles: Selections from a Late Ming Collection, translated by Christopher Rea and Bruce Rusk (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2017), pp. 142-163.
- ^ "Canseco:Steroids made my baseball career possible". Usatoday.com. 2005-02-17. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ "Sports Illustrated:Steroids in baseball". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 2002-06-23. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ "Sportsillustrated.cnn.com". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 2005-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-08-14. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ "Jerry Rice admitted to cheating just days before calling Pats cheaters". Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
- ^ Media, Charles Curtis | For NJ Advance (February 6, 2015). "Who's cheating now? Jerry Rice admits to stickum use after New England Patriots comments". nj.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Yahoo Sports NFL". sports.yahoo.com.
- ^ "Three-year Ban for Skating Judge". BBC News. April 30, 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ "Gradius Cheats & Codes". IGN. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ "Separating Free-to-Play and Pay-To-Win". IGN.com. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
- ^ "California State University, East Bay". Csuh.iii.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- ^ "California State University, East Bay". Csuh.iii.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- ^ "Unfair Competitive Advantage [Energy] Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc". definitions.uslegal.com.
Further reading
- Callahan, David (2004). The Cheating Culture. Harvest Books.
- Green, Stuart P. (2006). Lying, Cheating, and Stealing: A Moral Theory of White Collar Crime. Oxford University Press.
- ISBN 0-06-073132-X.
- Rhode, Deborah L. (2017). Cheating: Ethics in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190672423.