Cheddi Jagan
Premier of British Guiana | |||||||||||||
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In office 5 September 1961 – 12 December 1964 | |||||||||||||
Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||
Governor | Ralph Grey Richard Luyt | ||||||||||||
Preceded by | Inaugural holder | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Forbes Burnham | ||||||||||||
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1st Chief Minister of British Guiana | |||||||||||||
In office 30 May 1953 – 9 October 1953 | |||||||||||||
Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||
Governor | Alfred Savage | ||||||||||||
Preceded by | Inaugural holder | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Interim government | ||||||||||||
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Minister of Trade and Industry of British Guiana | |||||||||||||
In office 1957–1961 | |||||||||||||
Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||
Governor | Patrick Muir Renison Ralph Grey | ||||||||||||
Leader of the Opposition of Guyana | |||||||||||||
In office 1966–1973 | |||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Marcellus Fielden Singh | ||||||||||||
In office 1976–1992 | |||||||||||||
Preceded by | Marcellus Fielden Singh | ||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Desmond Hoyte | ||||||||||||
General Secretary of the People's Progressive Party | |||||||||||||
In office 1970[1] – 6 March 1997 | |||||||||||||
President of the Guyana Rice Producers Association | |||||||||||||
In office 1952–1953 | |||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||
Born | Cheddi Bharat Jagan 22 March 1918 Ankerville, Port Mourant, Berbice, British Guiana (present-day East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana) | ||||||||||||
Died | 6 March 1997 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 78)||||||||||||
Political party | People's Progressive Party (after 1950) | ||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Manpower Citizens' Association (1945–1946) Political Affairs Committee (1946–1950) | ||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||
Children | Cheddi "Joey" Jagan Jr. Nadira Jagan-Brancier | ||||||||||||
Relatives | Derek Chunilall Jagan (brother) | ||||||||||||
Education | Queen's College, Georgetown | ||||||||||||
Alma mater | Central YMCA College (BS) Northwestern University (DDS) | ||||||||||||
Occupation | Dentist and Politician | ||||||||||||
Awards |
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Signature | |||||||||||||
Cheddi Berret Jagan (22 March 1918 – 6 March 1997) was a
.Jagan founded the
Early life
Cheddi Berret (Bharat) Jagan was born on 22 March 1918 in Ankerville, Port Mourant, a rural village in the county of Berbice (present-day East Berbice-Corentyne). He was the eldest of 11 children. His parents were Indian Hindus who were Kurmis.[4][5] They emigrated from British India to British Guiana as indentured labourers. They were both from the Basti district in the then North-Western Provinces in the Awadh and Bhojpuri regions of the Hindi Belt in North India (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India). His mother Bachaoni came to British Guiana as a child with her mother, while his father Jagan also came as a child with his mother and brother. Both his mother's and father's family immigrated to British Guiana aboard the Elbe in 1901; his father being two years old and his mother 18 months when they arrived. His father's family were indentured to Albion Estate and his mother's family was indentured to Port Mourant Estate.[6]
The Jagan family lived in rural poverty, working in the cane fields to support themselves. His mother had worked on the estate till Jagan was nine years old. His father had worked his way up to become head driver on the estate, but it did not amount to much change in pay, and he had to retire at 50 due to ill health.
Education and early career (1935–1946)
Jagan left for the United States in September 1935[6] or 1936[7] with two friends, and did not return to British Guiana until October 1943. He lived in Washington, D.C., for two years, enrolled in a pre-dental course at Howard University. To cover his expenses, Jagan took a job as an elevator operator. During the summers, he worked in New York City as a door-to-door salesman.[2] Jagan's performance helped him to win a scholarship for his second year at Howard. In 1938, he was admitted to the four-year dental program at the dental school at Northwestern University in Chicago. He graduated in 1942 with as Doctor of Dental Surgery. From 1938 to 1942, Jagan was also enrolled at the Central YMCA College in Chicago and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree.[6]
After returning to British Guiana, Jagan established a practice in Georgetown on 68 Main Street.[7] During this time, he began to become politically engaged, and became involved with trade unions in the sugar industry. In 1945 he was made the treasurer of the Manpower Citizens' Association, though he was removed after a year after objecting to union policy.[6]
Political career
Early political career (1946–1953)
Jagan co-founded the Political Affairs Committee (PAC) in 1946 along with his wife, Janet, as well as H.J.M. Hubbard, and Ashton Chase.[6] He was subsequently elected to the Legislative Council in November 1947 as an independent candidate from Central Demerara constituency. In 1949 Jagan became the president of the Sawmill Workers Union.[7]
On 1 January 1950, the
The PPP quickly gained a mass following when they organised protests against the colonial administration, following an incident where colonial police shot dead five workers at Enmore sugar plantation in 1948 when they were participating in strike action.[9][6]
Chief Minister of British Guiana for 133 days (1953)
On 27 April 1953, Jagan won the 1953 British Guiana general election, with his PPP party winning 18 of 24 seats.[10]
Jagan's government immediately dissented against British rule. Jagan encouraged strike action against important sugar company
Taking place in the middle of
On 8 October 1953, the PPP government passed the Labour Relations Act (modelled on the
Interim Government (1953–1957)
After the suspension of the constitution, Jagan departed for London with Forbes Burnham on 19 October 1953 to protest the suspension[17] and attended the debate in the House of Commons[6] on 21 October.[18] During his time in the United Kingdom, both Jagan and Burnham were subject to covert surveillance by American[19] and British intelligence services.[20] He would subsequently arrive in India with Burnham on November 20, 1953, and meet Jawaharlal Nehru in an attempt to garner support.[17]
Jagan's movements were restricted to Georgetown from 1954 to 1957, and both him and his wife were closely monitored and kept under house arrest.[12] During this period of time, colonial police would routinely raid the residences of senior members of the party to seize subversive literature. In 1954, Jagan was sentenced to 6 months in prison with hard labour for violating a restriction on his movement, travelling to the countryside and as a result leaving Georgetown. In court, Jagan likened British Guiana to a "vast prison".[9]
Senior member of the party Forbes Burnham split with Jagan politically in 1955, dividing the PPP into two separate factions named "Burnhamite" and "Jaganite".[3] These two factions in the PPP would both go on to contest the 1957 Guyanese election as PPP candidates. Burnham as a candidate was generally further to the right of the political spectrum. Support for the two factions followed mostly racial lines, as Burnham was the leading Afro-Guyanese figure in the PPP. However, the split was not entirely racial; prominent Afro-Guyanese politician Sydney King remained in the Jaganite faction, and Indo-Guyanese J.B. Lachmansingh supported Burnham.[21] However, Sydney King and Afro-Guyanese Martin Carter and Rory Westmaas would both leave the party one year later due to being "ultra-leftist".[22] Clem Seecharan made the claim that they left because they believed that Jagan was compromising Marxist ideals for racial pragmatism (i.e., supporting Indo-Guyanese policies to appeal to his support base). This further reduced the number of active Afro-Guyanese politicians within the PPP.[22]
Minister of Trade and Industry (1957–1961)
Jaganites won a majority of seats in the
During the lead-up and aftermath of the 1957 elections, Guyanese politics began to strongly follow racial lines. Jagan's faction was majority Indo-Guayanese, and advocated for policies that would benefit mainly Indo-Guyanese, such as an increase in land for rice production and sugar industry reform through increased union powers. Jagan's veto of
Premier of British Guiana (1961–1964)
After a PPP victory in the August 1961 elections, Jagan became Premier, serving for three years. The elections were held as first-past-the-post, with 35 members of the Legislative assembly;[25] the PPP won 20 seats, almost twice the number won by Burnham's PNC, and 10 seats in the 13-seat senate, which led to mass demonstrations led by the PNC, a general strike and racially motivated violence.[3] This violence would peak in early 1962, after Jagan's government proposed what became known as the "Kaldor Budget". Advised by economist Nicholas Kaldor, on 31 January 1962 the PPP government proposed an increase in tax and import duty which was opposed by opposition parties.[26] The budget imposed austerity, the tax increases would have significantly impacted the Afro-Guyanese community, and the opposition was not consulted. However, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. expressed the opinion that the tax scheme was entirely orthodox and suitable for Britain,[27] and the budget was praised by both the New York Times and the London Times.[26] Following the budget, action was taken against the government, which culminated on 16 February 1962 in the destruction of 56 businesses, 87 businesses damaged by fire and 66 looted. One Police Superintendent was killed and 39 injured, Four looters shot and 41 injured. The rioters also attacked the Electricity Plant, the Water Works, Parliament, and Jagan's residence. The British response was to send two warships, HMS Troubridge and HMS Wizard, to stop the violence.[26] Jagan's official residence suffered fire damage during the riots.[27]
Following the 1961 elections, Jagan met
The lead-up to the 1964 elections included a concerted effort by officials from the United States to ensure that Jagan did not win the election, due to fears about Jagan supposed communist views. A March 1961 CIA estimate opined that Jagan's wife, Janet, was a communist, and that Jagan was under communist influence.[27] Jagan had also expressed support and encouragement for the Cuban Revolution.[28][22] The United Kingdom and United States differed on their opinions of how to solve the situation, with the British suggestion being that Jagan should be educated rather than removed from power. Jagan's meeting with Kennedy in 1961 did not significantly change the American opinion of his political leanings. The Americans decided that Burnham's policies were preferable to those of Jagan, and began to take actions against Jagan, including delaying independence from Britain, advocating a proportional representation electoral system which would be to the detriment of Jagan's electoral chances, and providing support for strike action. These actions continued despite Jagan contacting Kennedy to protest his case.[27] The CIA helped fund and organise the protests that led to the February 1962 demonstrations, and in April 1963 the CIA used $1 million of allocated funds to support the 80-day general strike. This strike action would later be cited as evidence that Jagan was not capable of governing British Guiana.[29]
In October 1963, a constitutional conference was called. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan summoned the three main Guyanese political leaders (Jagan, Forbes Burnham and Peter D'Aguiar)[29] to London[6] where Colonial Secretary Duncan Sandys announced the holding of fresh elections[29] (previously the agreement was that independence would be granted before any further elections were called),[6] a delay in the date of independence from 1963 to 1964, and a change in the electoral system from first-past-the-post to proportional representation. In a letter to President Kennedy, MacMillan explained that if Jagan refused to cooperate, Britain would suspend the constitution.[29] Jagan agreed to elections in 1964 under proportional representation, but John Prados posits that this was only because he received assurances from Forbes Burnham that a coalition between the two parties would be acceptable. The Guiana United Muslim Party and Justice Party were both set up with the assistance of the CIA to split the Indo-Guyanese voting bloc, and the United States funded Burnham's campaign activities against Jagan's party.[27]
The months preceding the December 1964 elections were marked with extensive civil disorder. Arson was a daily occurrence, nearly 200 people were murdered and 1000 were injured, and more than 15,000 people were forced from their homes. Violence came from both PPP and PNC supporters. On one occasion in August, a conference between the three political party leaders was interrupted when the PPP party headquarters was bombed on the same street.
In the
Clem Seecharan would later point to Jagan's ideological inflexibility and his poor diplomatic handling of the electoral situation in Guyana as reasons for the strong American preference for Burnham over Jagan, and as a result Burnham becoming Guyana's first leader after independence.[22]
Leader of the Opposition (1964–1992)
Following Burnham's election in 1964, a constitutional conference was held in London. Jagan refused to attend in protest at the imprisonment of PPP members at Mazaruni Prison.[6] As agreed at the conference, Guyana gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966. Jagan opposed this date for independence, as it was the anniversary of the Wismar Massacre of 1964.[32] The same year, Jagan published "The West On Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom", concerning his experience working towards Guyanese independence, which remains his most popular written work.[33]
In 1965 Jagan attempted to enter the United States to join a protest against the Vietnam War but he was denied entry.[34] He was again denied entry in 1967 to attend a planned speaking tour which had to be cancelled as a result.[35]
He was elected as
In 1969, the People's Progressive Party attended the 1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties, with Jagan attending personally.[37] Jagan was subsequently elected General Secretary of the PPP.[6]
In 1973, the PPP boycotted the National Assembly in protest at the fraudulent 1973 elections, and at the deaths of two Indo-Guyanese on election day. In 1974, a raid on Jagan's home found parts of a revolver and he was charged with illegal possession.[6]
Starting in 1975, the PPP began a period of closer collaboration with Burnham's PNC, offering "critical support" when the PNC pushed for pro-socialist policies and was under the pressure of Venezuelan border claims, as well as proposing a national government with the PPP forming part of the ruling party in 1977. In 1978, Jagan was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples by the Soviet Union at the Kremlin.[6]
The 1978 Guyanese constitutional referendum was strongly opposed by Jagan. The referendum would prolong the parliamentary term and would expand presidential powers. Jagan's party led a boycott of the vote. The referendum passed with 97% of the vote, and the vote is considered to be fraudulent.[3]
Following the death of Burnham in 1985, Desmond Hoyte came to power. Influenced by Jimmy Carter, Hoyte would put forward electoral reforms which would lead to the 1992 elections being internationally recognised as free and fair.[3]
President of Guyana (1992–1997)
After 28 years in opposition, the PPP won the
Following the previous administration, the Guyanese economy was still recovering from flawed economic policies and high national debt,[39] and low prices for major Guyanese exports such as bauxite, oil and bananas.[40] Jagan would pursue a policy of investment in national infrastructure, including sea defences, irrigation and drainage systems, road and bridge projects and investment in health, education and electricity generation.[7] Jagan would also try to improve free trade in the Americas.[40]
During his time in power, Jagan would advocate for a New Global Human Order.[7] This proposal was aimed at the need for developing countries to acquire the means to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality.[39] This involved debt relief,[7] pollution tax, a Tobin tax on currency exchange[39] and cuts in arms spending.[40] These proposals did not gain significant support.[39] Jagan announced this proposal in a speech at the United Nations in late 1995.[40]
Political opinions
Jagan has been labelled as communist or
Percy Hintzen stated that "characterization of Jagan as a communist misses the complexity of his political philosophy… if Jagan was indeed a communist, it was certainly not reflected in the policies and programs that his party attempted to implement while in office."[44] Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. said Jagan was not a communist, but rather a “London School of Economics Marxist filled with charm.”[27]
Personal life
After graduating from dental school in 1942, Jagan met Janet Rosenberg, a student nurse, in spring 1943.[7] They married in 1943, and had two children: Nadira and Cheddi Jr. (who in turn produced five grandchildren).[2]
Jagan and his wife shared a lifelong friendship with Billy Strachan, a leading British communist and a pioneer of black civil rights in Britain.[45]
Janet Jagan followed her husband's footsteps and held the positions of prime minister and president in 1997 (succeeded as president by Bharrat Jagdeo in 1999).
Personality
Clem Seecharan characterised Jagan as a man of integrity, "who did not steal and never construed the political vocation as a means of amassing wealth". He would also label him as an "attractive and incorruptible man" known for his frugality. However, Seecharan would also accuse Jagan of ideological inflexibility and an "apparent inability to comprehend or empathise with African insecurities".[22] An article by Indo-Guyanese author Frank Birbalsingh also praised his integrity, pointing out that "Never, in his half-century of involvement in politics, has anyone been able to point a finger at him, while charges of financial corruption, sexual misconduct or electoral fraudulence have been levelled at most of his contemporaries."[46]
Death
Jagan suffered a heart attack on 15 February 1997 and was taken to Georgetown Hospital before being flown by U.S. military aircraft then by U.S. Air Force helicopter from Andrews Air Force Base
Legacy
The
The Cheddi Jagan Research Centre in Georgetown commemorates his life and work, complete with a replication of his office.[54] The centre is located in the Red House which served as Jagan's official residence from 1961 to 1964.[55] The Cheddi Jagan International Airport, the largest and primary international airport of the country, has been renamed after Jagan.[56]
In 2007, Jagan was posthumously awarded the Order of Liberation of Guyana (OR).
Jagan's wide regard as "Father of the Nation" in Guyana is stated by several different sources, the Cheddi Jagan Research Centre,
Awards
- Order of Friendship of Peoples: Soviet Union (1978)[6]
- Order of Solidarity: Cuba (1988)
- Order of the Liberator: Venezuela (1993)
- Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean: Mauritius (1994)
- Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo: South Africa (2005)[59]
- Order of Liberation: Guyana (2007)a
Selected publications
Jagan was also an important political author and speechwriter, and his publications include:
- Forbidden Freedom: The Story of British Guiana (Hansib, 1954)
- The West On Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom (Harpy, 1966)
- The Caribbean Revolution (1979)
- The Caribbean: Whose Backyard? (1984)
- Selected Speeches 1992–1994 (Hansib, 1995)
- The USA in South America (Hansib, 1998)
- A New Global Human Order (Harpy, 1999)
- Selected Correspondences 1953–1965 (Dido Press, 2004)
See also
Notes
- ^a This award surpasses the Order of Excellence of Guyana, but was granted without an amendment to the constitution of orders and it does not appear in the list of national awards.[58]
References
- ^ "Jagan–a name intrinsically woven into Guyanese history - Guyana Chronicle". 5 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Larry Rohter, "Cheddi Jagan, Guyana's Founder, Dies at 78", The New York Times, 7 March 1997.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
- ISBN 9780307370648.
One of the daughters had married a brahmin, and the family was anxious to live up to the high connection. They didn't want Cheddi to sleep on a bed in their house. They required him to sleep on the floor, because the Jagans were of the kurmi caste, a caste of cultivators. Chhedi Jagan says in his book that he had heard about caste problems only from his mother. But, in fact, as a caste, the kurmis are interesting.
- ^ "In Tribute to Dr Jagan's Late Mother Bachaoni". The West Indian. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Biography of Cheddi Jagan". jagan.org. Cheddi Jagan Research Centre. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mangar, Tota (21 March 2021). "DR.CHEDDI B. JAGAN: HIS LIFE AND TIMES, 1918- 1997". Guyana Chronicle. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b History of the PPP Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, PPP website.
- ^ a b c d e f Bahadur, Gaiutra (30 October 2020). "In 1953, Britain openly removed an elected government, with tragic consequences". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ Biographies of former presidents Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, GINA.
- ^ "The Suspension of the British Guiana Constitution - 1953 (Declassified British documents)". www.guyana.org. Archived from the original on 2022-04-06.
- ^ a b c d "MI5 files reveal details of 1953 coup that overthrew British Guiana's leaders". The Guardian. Associated Press. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Ramotar, Donald. "JANET JAGAN: A Pioneer and Revolutionary" (PDF). jagan.org. Cheddi Jagan Research Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Ramharack, Baytoram (29 January 2023). "Janet Jagan: Marxist radical or Guyanese liberator?". Stabroek News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "History of Guyana. Source: Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress". Mother Earth Travel. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "Guyanese President Cheddi Jagan dies". CNN. 6 March 1997. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ a b Reece, Maggie (27 March 2014). "Forbes Burnham & Cheddi Jagan on their way to London and India - 1953". Guyana Graphic. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "Suspension of Constitution, 21 October 1953". api.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "CIA Covert Operations: The 1964 Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana". The George Washington University. National Security Archive. April 6, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ "Examining the secret surveillance of Jagan and Burnham during 1953 visit to Britain". Stabroek News. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "The Interim Government, 1953-57. Source: US Library of Congress". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Seecharan, Clem (22 March 2018). "Cheddi Jagan, Communism and the African-Guyanese". Stabroek News. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Cheddi Jagan; premier, Guyana". britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "The Second PPP Government, 1957-61, and Racial Politics". countrystudies.us. Country Studies. Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ Historical information events and dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2006 Archived 2018-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Parliament of Guyana
- ^ a b c Seeram, Ralph (30 March 2014). "Kaldor Budget and Black Friday February 16, 1962 – commentary". Guyana Online. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prados, John. "CIA Covert Operations: The 1964 Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana". nsarchive.gwu.edu. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Curtis, Mark (12 February 2007). "The 'coup' in British Guiana, 1963; an extract from Unpeople: Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses". markcurtis.info/. Vintage. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ "British Guiana: Race War". Time. 5 June 1964. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ Shah, Ryaan (21 May 2017). "The Wismar Massacre". Guyana Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Cheddi Jagan Quotations". jagan.org. Cheddi Jagan Research Centre. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ISBN 0717803570.
- ^ "JAGAN DENIED ENTRY INTO U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ Villeneuve, Hubert (2020). Teaching Anticommunism Fred Schwarz and American Postwar Conservatism. McGill-Queen's University Press.
- ^ Historical information events and dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2009 Archived 2023-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Parliament of Guyana
- ^ Osmanczyk, Edmund Jan/Mango, Anthony. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Taylor & Francis, 2002. p. 428
- ^ Reuters, "Cheddi Jagan Elected As Guyana's President" Archived 2021-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 8 October 1992.
- ^ a b c d "Jagan's New Global Human Order was never taken seriously". Kaieteur News. 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d Decker, Ed. "Jagan, Cheddi 1918–1997". encyclopedia.com. Cengage. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b Edmonds, Kevin (29 March 2023). "Guyana: Remembering Dr. Cheddi Jagan". NACLA. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
- ^ Leurs, William (12 July 1976). "DEPARTMENT DISCUSSES ALLEGATIONS OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN CERTAIN WESTERN HEMISPHERE COUNTRIES" (PDF). The US Department of State Bulletin. LXXV (1933): 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-333-65743-0. Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Rohee, Clement (27 May 2017). "Was Jagan a communist?". Stabroek News. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ISSN 2055-7035.
- ^ Birbalsingh, Frank (7 March 1997). "Obituary: Cheddi Jagan". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b "In the Americas", The Miami Herald (nl.newsbank.com), 16 February 1997.
- ^ "Letters to the editor: The government should build sanitary facilities at Babu John". Stabroek News. 3 April 2015.
- ^ "Guyanese President Cheddi Jagan cremated". Rediff on the NeT. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ "Jagans' Memorial Monument – National Trust". Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ Mendes-Franco, Janine (8 March 2020). "Guyana's 2020 general election results mired in controversy". globalvoices.org. Global Voices. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ Palash R., Ghosh (28 November 2011). "Guyana Elections Expected to Break Down According to Racial Lines". IB Times. International Business Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ Rodney, Walter. "Street Speech". historyisaweapon.com. History is a Weapon. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "The Cheddi Jagan Research Centre". Guyana International Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "RED HOUSE (KAMANA COURT)". National Trust of Guyana. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "About us". CJ Airport-GY. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Cheddi Jagan: The Liberator". Guyana Chronicle. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Order of liberation raises eyebrows, questions". Stabroek News. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b "National Orders awards 27 April 2005". South African Government Information. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ^ Shukla, Vivek (26 October 2022). "Cheddi Jagan to Rishi Sunak". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ "Dr Jagan's contributions to democracy will never be forgotten- President Ali". Department of Public Information. Government of Guyana. 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ Samaroo, Sunita (7 August 2015). "Burnham hailed as nat'l hero, 'father of the nation' at commemoration of 30th death anniversary". Kaieteur News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
External links
- Cheddi Jagan Research Centre, an informational site maintained by Jagan's daughter, Nadira Jagan-Brancier.
- Cheddi Jagan Archive at marxists.org
- Cheddi Jagan Timeline Posted at Center for Cooperative Research
- "An Appreciation of Dr. Cheddi Jagan". Indo Caribbean World, 12 March 1997.