Chelidonium majus
Chelidonium majus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Ranunculales |
Family: | Papaveraceae |
Tribe: | Chelidonieae |
Genus: | Chelidonium |
Species: | C. majus
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Binomial name | |
Chelidonium majus | |
Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Chelidonium majus, the greater celandine, is a
The plant known as lesser celandine (Ficaria verna) is not closely related, as it belongs to the buttercup family Ranunculaceae.
Description
Greater celandine is a perennial herbaceous plant with an erect habit, and reaches 30–120 cm (12–47 in) high. The blue-green
The flowers consist of four yellow petals, each about 18 mm (0.71 in) long, with two
The seeds are small and black, borne in a long, cylindrical capsule. Each has an elaiosome, which attracts ants to disperse the seeds (myrmecochory).[3]
Taxonomy and naming
Chelidonium majus is one of the many species described by the father of taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus, in volume one of his Species Plantarum in 1753.[5]
According to the
Distribution and habitat
Chelidonium majus is
Ecology
It is considered an aggressive invasive plant in parts of North America, and an invasive plant in other areas. In Wisconsin, for example, it is a restricted plant.[12][13] Control is obtained mainly via pulling or spraying the plant before seed dispersal.
Constituents and pharmacology
The whole plant is toxic in moderate doses as it contains a range of
The characteristic latex also contains
Chelidonium is used to make Ukrain, a drug that has been promoted for, but is not known to be effective for, the treatment of cancer and viral infections.[23][24]
The fresh herb is no longer used officially. No dose-finding studies exist and the reported clinical studies are characterised by a considerable heterogeneity.[25]
Except for homeopathic medicines, the drug is no longer used in most English-speaking countries. In Germany and Switzerland, extracts of Chelidoni herba are a controversial component of the gastric remedy "Iberogast". The OTC-preparation is a top-selling product for the company Bayer, which is now under investigation for not warning consumers from possible hepatotoxic side-effects when taking the drug. Elevated liver-enzymes and toxic hepatitis with a documented fatality have been reported.[26][27]
The plant is poisonous to chickens.[28]
Herbalism
The aerial parts and roots of greater celandine are used in herbalism. The above-ground parts are gathered during the flowering season and dried at high temperatures. The root is harvested in autumn between August and October and dried. The fresh rhizome is also used. Celandine has a hot and bitter taste. Preparations are made from
As far back as
It was formerly used by some
The Iroquois give an infusion of whole plant, another plant and milk to pigs that drool and have sudden movements.[35][clarification needed]
It was also once used to treat liver disorders, owing to the juice's resemblance to bile.[28]
Gallery
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A leaf and an open flower
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Flowers
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Fruits
References
- ^ "Chelidonium minus L.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-07-28 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "Chelidonium majus subsp. grandiflorum (DC.) Printz". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-07-28 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
- ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
- ^ Linnaeus C (1753). "Tomus I". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 505.
- ^ "Swallow". Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989.
- .
- ^ a b c d "Chelidonium majus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4987-8766-6. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ Predny, M.L.; Chamberlain, J.L.; United States. National Park Service (2005). Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis): An Annotated Bibliography. General technical report SRS. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ "Chelidonium majus - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
- ^ "Chapter NR 40 INVASIVE SPECIES IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROL" (PDF). wisconsin.gov. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ "Invasive Plant Atlas of New England". Archived from the original on 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
- ISBN 978-1-56363-361-4.
- ^ Cahlikova L., Opletal L., Kurfurst M., Macakova K., Kulhankova A., Host'alkova A.,"Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae)." Natural Product Communications. 5 (11) (pp 1751–1754), 2010. Date of Publication: 2010.
- ^ Li X.-L., Yao J.-Y., Zhou Z.-M., Shen J.-Y., Ru H.-S., Liu X.-L.,"Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius." Parasitology Research. 109 (1) (pp 247-252), July 2011
- ^ Park J.E., Cuong T.D., Hung T.M., Lee I., Na M., Kim J.C., Ryoo S., Lee J.H., Choi J.S., Woo M.H., Min B.S.,"Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (23) (pp 6960-6963), 2011. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2011.
- ISBN 978-92-5-104294-6. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- S2CID 21131585.
- PMID 9862139.
- ^ La chélidoine, une plante contre la verrue dans Science et avenir 2016
- ^ "Celandine (Greater) / Greater Celandine - Wild Flower Finder".
- ^ "Celandine". American Cancer Society. August 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ Edzard Ernst (14 October 2012). "A telling story about "alternative" cancer cures and their purveyors". Retrieved December 4, 2012.
- ^ "Assessment report on Chelidonium majus L., herba" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. January 20, 2012.
- ^ F. Pantano, G. Mannocchi, E. Marinelli, S. Gentili, S. Graziano, F.P. Busardò, N.M. di Luca "Hepatotoxicity induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): a review of the literature." Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21 (1 Suppl): 46-52. Retrieved 21 July 2019
- ^ Aiolfi S (July 2019). Bayer-Medikament im Fokus der Staatsanwaltschaft(in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7894-1067-2.
- ^ Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-1731-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7318-0753-6
- PMID 21963561.
- PMID 19761826.
- ^ Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72 (p. 45)