Chemical Corps
United States Army Chemical Corps | |
---|---|
Latin: Elementis regamus proelium, lit. 'We rule the battle through the elements.' | |
Colors | Cobalt blue and golden yellow |
Anniversaries | 28 June (Organization Day) |
Wars | |
Website | U.S. Army CBRN School |
Insignia | |
Seal | |
Regimental insignia |
The Chemical Corps is the branch of the
History
Origins
Discussion of the topic dates back to the
World War I
The earliest predecessors to the United States Army Chemical Corps owe their existence to changes of military technology early in World War I. By 1915, the combatants were using poison gases and chemical irritants on the battlefield. In that year, the United States War Department first became interested in providing individual soldiers with personal protection against
In 1917, Secretary of the Interior
A center for chemical weapons research was established at American University in Washington, D.C. to house researchers. The U.S. military paid to convert classrooms into laboratories. Within a year of setting up the center, the number of scientists and technicians employed there would increase from 272 to over 1,000. Industrial plants were established in nearby cities to synthesize toxic chemicals for use in research and armaments. Shells were filled with toxic gas in Edgewood, Maryland. Women were employed to produce gas masks in Long Island City.[4]
On 5 July 1917 General
Before deploying to France in 1917 many of the soldiers in the 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) spent their time stateside in training that did not emphasize any chemical warfare skills;[9] instead the training focused on drill, marching, guard duty, and inspections.[9][10] Despite the conventional training, the public perceived the 30th as dealing mainly with "poisonous gas and hell fire".[10] By the time those in the 30th Engineers arrived in France most of them knew nothing of chemical warfare and had no specialized equipment.[9]
In 1918, the 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) was redesignated the
Formation
On 28 June 1918, the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) was officially formed and encompassed the "Gas Service" and "Chemical Service" Sections.[5][6] By 1 November 1918 the CWS included 1,654 commissioned officers and 18,027 enlisted personnel.[11] Major General William L. Sibert served as the first director of the CWS on the day it was created,[12] and he resigned in April 1920.[13]
In the interwar period, the Chemical Warfare Service maintained its arsenal despite public pressure and presidential wishes in favor of disarmament. Major General Amos Fries, the CWS chief from 1920–29, viewed chemical disarmament as a Communist plot.[3] Through his instigation and lobbying, the CWS and its various Congressional, chemist, and chemical company allies were able to halt the U.S. Senate's ratification of the 1925 Geneva Protocol which forbade "first use" of chemical weapons.[3] Even countries who had signed the Geneva Protocol still produced and stockpiled chemical weapons, since the Protocol did not prohibit retaliation in kind.
Roosevelt on renaming Service to Corps, 1937
In 1937, President Roosevelt opposed changing the name of the Service to Corps, stating:[14]
It is my thought that the major functions of the Chemical Warfare Service are those of a "Service" rather than a "Corps." It is desirable to designate as a Corps only those supply branches of the Army which are included in the line of the Army. To have changed the name to the "Chemical Service" would have been more in keeping with its functions than to designate it as the "Chemical Corps."
I have a far more important objection to this change of name. It has been and is the policy of this Government to do everything in its power to outlaw the use of chemicals in warfare. Such use is inhuman and contrary to what modern civilization should stand for.
I am doing everything in my power to discourage the use of gases and other chemicals in any war between nations. While, unfortunately, the defensive necessities of the United States call for study of the use of chemicals in warfare, I do not want the Government of the United States to do anything to aggrandize or make permanent any special bureau of the Army or the Navy engaged in these studies. I hope the time will come when the Chemical Warfare Service can be entirely abolished.
To dignify this Service by calling it the "Chemical Corps" is, in my judgment, contrary to a sound public policy.
World War II
The Chemical Warfare Service deployed and prepared gas weapons for use throughout the world during
During all parts of the war, use of chemical and biological weapons were extremely limited by both sides. Italy used
Though the political leadership of the United States remained decidedly against the use of chemical weapons, there were those within the military command structure who advocated the use of such weapons. Following the
Popular support was not completely lacking. Some newspaper editorials supported the use of chemical weapons in the Pacific theater. The
Post World War II and Korean War, 1945–53
In 1946, the Chemical Warfare Service was re-designated as the "U.S. Army Chemical Corps", a name the branch still uses.
From the end of World War II through the
After the end of the Korean War, the Army decided to strip the Chemical Corps of the 4.2 inch mortar system and made that an infantry weapon, given its utility against Chinese mortars.[citation needed]
Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency
The
U.S. Army Chemical Corps Information and Liaison Office, Europe (CCILO–E) was established and located in Frankfurt, Germany.
Vietnam
Beginning in 1962 during the
Besides supplying flame weapons, and preparing for any eventuality of weapons of mass destruction, the Vietnam era Chemical Corps also developed "
In March 1968, the Dugway sheep incident was one of several key events which increased the growing public furor against the corps. An open air spraying of VX was blamed for killing over 4,000 sheep near the US Dugway Proving Ground.[27] The Army eventually settled the case and paid the ranchers. Meanwhile, another incident involving Operation CHASE (Cut Holes and Sink 'Em) was exposed, which sought to dump chemical weapons 250 miles (400 km) off of the Florida coast, spurring concerns over the damage to the ocean environment and risk of chemical munitions washing up on shore.[27] The criticism of the Army culminated with the near-disbanding of the Chemical Corps in the aftermath of the War.[27]
Beginning in the late 1960s, the chemical warfare capabilities of the United States began to decline due to, in part, a decline in public opinion concerning the corps.
During summer 1972, Nixon nominated General Creighton Abrams for the post of Army Chief of Staff and upon assuming the post the general and others began to address the reformation of the Army in the wake of Vietnam.[27] As soon as Abrams was sworn in he began to investigate the possibility of merging Chemical Corps into other Army branches. An ad hoc committee, designed to study possibilities, recommended that the Chemical Corps' smoke and flame mission be integrated into the Engineer Corps and the chemical operations be integrated into the Ordnance Corps. The groups recommendations were accepted in December 1972 and the United States Army Chemical Corps was officially disbanded, but not formally disestablished, by the Army on 11 January 1973.[27]
To formally disestablish the corps, the
In 1974 Abrams died in office after the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. The results of the war demonstrated the desire of the Soviet Union to continue its pursuit of offensive chemical and biological capabilities.[27]
Post Vietnam, 1975–80
By the mid–1970s the chemical warfare and defense capability of the United States had degraded and by 1978 the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff characterized U.S. ability to conduct operations in a chemical environment as "not prepared."[31]
Restructuring, 1980–1989
Pre-1980 | Post-1980 | |
---|---|---|
Doctrine/training | Chemical Corps only | Army wide |
Operations emphasis | minimize casualties | minimize mission degradation |
Risk | no risk | intelligent risk |
Control of NBC assets | centralized: Division NBC command | decentralized: Flexible |
Decon | complete decontamination | partial decontamination |
By 1982 the Chemical Corps was running smoothly once again.[30] In an effort to hasten chemical defense capabilities the corps restructured its doctrine, modernized its equipment, and altered its force structure. This shift led to every unit in the army having chemical specialists in-house by the mid-1980s. Between 1979 and 1989 the Army established 28 active duty chemical defense companies.[30]
Southwest Asia
After
Though Saddam Hussein had renounced the use of chemical weapons in 1989, many did not believe he would really honor that during a conflict with the United States and the broader coalition forces.[33] As American troops headed to the desert, analysts speculated about their vulnerability to CB attack. Although the location of Hussein's chemical munitions was unknown, their existence was never doubted.[33]
Gulf War I was fought without the
1990–present
As a result of the 1995
A 1996
Organization and mission
From 1952 until 1999 the Chemical Corps School was located at
The school trains officers and enlisted personnel in CBRN warfare and defense with a mission is "To protect the force and allow the Army to fight and win against a
Traditions
Branch insignia
The Chemical Corps, like all branches of the U.S. Army, uses specific insignia to indicate a soldier's affiliation with the corps. The Chemical Corps branch insignia consists of a cobalt blue, enamel benzene ring superimposed over two crossed gold retorts. The branch insignia, which was adopted in 1918 by the fledgling Chemical Service, measures .5 inches in height by 1.81 inches in width. Crossed shells with a dragon head was also commonly used in France for the Chemical service. The Chemical Warfare Service approved the insignia in 1921 and in 1924 the ring adopted the cobalt blue enamel. When the Chemical Warfare Service changed designations to the Chemical Corps in 1946 the symbol was retained.[38]
Regimental insignia
The regimental motto, Elementis Regamus Proelium translates to: "We rule the battle by means of the elements." The Chemical Corps regimental insignia was approved on 2 May 1986. The insignia consists of a 1.2 inch shield of gold and blue emblazoned with a
Regimental association
The Chemical Corps Regimental Association operates the "Chemical Corps Hall of Fame". The list includes soldiers from many different eras of the Chemical Corps history, including Amos Fries, Earl J. Atkisson, and William L. Sibert.[41] The organization conducts annual inductions, and the honor is considered the highest offered by the corps.[42]
Notable members
Baseball Hall of Fame baseball player, manager, and executive Branch Rickey served in the 1st Gas Regiment during World War I. Rickey spent over four months as a member of the CWS.[43] Other Hall of Famers also served in the CWS during World War I, among them Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson; Mathewson suffered lung damage after inhaling gas in a training accident, which contributed to his later death from tuberculosis.[44][45] Robert S. Mulliken served in the CWS making poison gas during World War I, and he later earned the Nobel Prize in 1966 for his work on the electronic structure of molecules.
Notes
- ^ Miles, Wyndham. "The Idea of Chemical Warfare in Modern Times," (JSTOR), Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr.–Jun., 1970), pp. 297–304. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Brophy, Leo P. "Origins of the Chemical Corp," (JSTOR), Military Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 4. (Winter, 1956), pp. 217–226. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ a b c van Courtland Moon, John Ellis. "United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?" (JSTOR), The Journal of Military History, Vol. 60, No. 3. (Jul., 1996), pp. 495–511. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015). "Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory". Distillations. 1 (1): 16–23. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0313293228).
- ^ a b c d United States Army: Office of the Judge Advocate General. Military Laws of the United States (Army), (Google Books), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921, p. 399.
- ISBN 1-58961-202-7. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ISBN 1589612027).
- ^ ISBN 0805079319).
- ^ a b Addison, James Thayer. The Story of the First Gas Regiment, (Internet Archive), Houghton Mifflin Co., 1919, pp. 1–11.
- U.S. Government Printing Office, 1918, p. 60.
- ^ Hewes, James E., Jr. "Appendix B: Principal Officials of the War Department and Department of the Army 1900–1963 Archived 23 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine", From Root to McNamara Army Organization and Administration, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C.: 1975.
- ^ "General Sibert Resigns: Head of Army's Chemical Warfare Service Resented Transfer", The New York Times, 7 April 1920, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Letter to the Senate on Chemicals in Warfare.," 4 August 1937. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15443.
- ^ LVT4 Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Unarmored (Mark IV), John Pike, GlobalSecurity.Org, July 2011, paragraph 5[LVT4 Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Unarmored (Mark IV)]
- ^ a b Bernstein, Barton J. "Why We Didn't Use Poison Gas in World War II Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine", American Heritage, August/September 1985, Vol. 36, Issue 5, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ a b c d Pike, John. "Chemical Corps", Globalsecurity.org, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ a b Cox, Brian M. "Torald Sollmann’s Studies of Mustard Gas", (PDF), Molecular Interventions, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 7, Issue 3 pp.124–28, June 2007, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ a b Kelber, Brookes E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990), "Chapter XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa" (PDF), United States Army in World War II, The Technical Services, The Chemical Warfare Service; Chemicals in Combat, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington DC, pp. 558–583, 586
- ^ CHAPTER XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa, WWII Chemical in Combat, Dec 2001, p. 558 [1]
- ^ ISBN 0387950761), accessed 24 October 2008.
- ^ David, Arredondo , Depositor (1962). "US Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency". DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g "Summary of Major Events and Problems: Fiscal Years 1961–1962". Maryland: US Army Chemical Corps Historical Office, Army Chemical Center via rockymountainarsenalarchive.wordpress.com blog. 1962. Retrieved 18 February 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ National Park Service. Arlington Hall Station, Photographs, Written, Historical and Descriptive Data, Historic American Buildings Survey, Mid-Atlantic Region (PDF) (Report). Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Neilands, J. B. "Vietnam: Progress of the Chemical War," (JSTOR), Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 3. (Mar., 1970), pp. 209–229. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mauroni, Al. "The US Army Chemical Corps: Past, Present, and Future Archived 27 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine", Army Historical Foundation. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
- ^ Lillie, Stanley H. "Chief of Chemical", (PDF Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine) Army Chemical Review, July–December 2005, accessed 16 October 2008.
- ^ a b Bowman, Tom. "Fort Detrick: From Biowarfare To Biodefense", NPR, 1 August 2008, accessed 10 October 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0275962431).
- ^ Hoeber, Amoretta M. and Douglass, Jr. Joseph D. "The Neglected Threat of Chemical Warfare", (JSTOR), International Security, Volume 3, Number 1. (Summer, 1978), pages 55–82. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ CATO Institute, 5 February 2003, accessed 12 October 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0313310386), page 91.
- ^ DCI Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force. "Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence", 9 April 1997, accessed 12 October 2008.
- ^ Tucker, Jonathan B. "Evidence Iraq Used Chemical Weapons During the 1991 Persian Gulf War", The Nonproliferation Review, Spring/Summer 1997, accessed 12 October 2008.
- ^ Haraburda, Scott (2007). "U.S. Army Reserve Support for Domestic Response to a Chemical Incident" (PDF). Army Chemical Review: 46–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- United States General Accounting Office, via Federation of American Scientists, 12 March 1996, accessed 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Chemical Corps Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine," Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ "Regimental Crest Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine," U.S. Army Chemical School, United States Army — Fort Leonard Wood. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ISBN 1591144868), p. 4.
- ^ "Hall of Fame Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine," Chemical Corps Regimental Association, official site. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ Whitacre, Kimberly S. and Jones, Ricardo. "2006 U.S. Army Chemical Corps Hall of Fame Inductees Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine", Army Chemical Review, July—December 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-2643-0.
- ISBN 978-0-313-32869-5.
- ^ "Christy Mathewson". HistoricBaseball.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
Further reading
- Faith, Thomas I. Behind the Gas Mask: The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service in War and Peace. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2014.
- Marsh, Hannah. "Memory in World War I American museum exhibits" (Master of Arts thesis, Kansas State University, 2015, online), about the Chemical Corps Museum at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri
- Mims, Samuel E. "Survey: Perceptions About the Army Chemical Corps" (Abstract, PDF), April 1992, Army War College: Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, accessed 12 October 2008.