Chemokine
Small cytokines (intecrine/chemokine), interleukin-8 like | |||||||||||
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Chemokines (from
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8–10
These proteins have historically been known under several other names including the SIS family of cytokines, SIG family of cytokines, SCY family of cytokines, Platelet factor-4 superfamily or intercrines. Some chemokines are considered pro-
Chemokines have been classified into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C and C. All of these proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with
Function
The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells. Cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration towards the source of the chemokine. Some chemokines control cells of the
Types by function
Chemokines are functionally divided into two groups:[5]
- Homeostatic: are constitutively produced in certain tissues and are responsible for basal
- Inflammatory: these are formed under pathological conditions (on pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as
Homing
The main function of chemokines is to manage the migration of
Basal: homeostatic chemokines are basal produced in the
Inflammatory:
Types by cell attracted
- Monocytes / macrophages: the key chemokines that attract these cells to the site of inflammation include: CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17 and CCL22.
- T-cell activation and activated T-cells are attracted to sites of inflammation where the IFN-y inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are secreted.[9]
- CXCL8might be inhibitory of mast cells.
- Eosinophils: the migration of eosinophils into various tissues involved several chemokines of CC family: CCL11, CCL24, CCL26, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, and CCL3. Chemokines CCL11 (eotaxin) and CCL5 (RANTES) acts through a specific receptor CCR3 on the surface of eosinophils, and eotaxin plays an essential role in the initial recruitment of eosinophils into the lesion.
- Neutrophils: are regulated primarily by CXC chemokines. An example CXCL8 (IL-8) is chemoattractant for neutrophils and also activating their metabolic and degranulation.[10]
Structural characteristics
Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. All chemokines are small, with a
Types by structure
CC chemokines | ||||
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Name | Gene | Other name(s) | Receptor | Uniprot |
CCL1 | Scya1 | I-309, TCA-3 | CCR8 |
|
CCL2 | Scya2 | MCP-1 | CCR2 | P13500 |
CCL3 | Scya3 | MIP-1a | CCR1 | P10147 |
CCL4 | Scya4 | MIP-1β | CCR1, CCR5 | P13236 |
CCL5 | Scya5 | RANTES | CCR5 | P13501 |
CCL6 | Scya6 | C10, MRP-2 | CCR1 | P27784 |
CCL7 | Scya7 | MARC, MCP-3 | CCR2 | P80098 |
CCL8 | Scya8 | MCP-2 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR5 | P80075 |
CCL10 |
Scya9 | MRP-2, CCF18, MIP-1? | CCR1 | P51670 |
CCL11 | Scya11 | Eotaxin | CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | P51671 |
CCL12 | Scya12 | MCP-5 | Q62401 | |
CCL13 | Scya13 | MCP-4, NCC-1, Ckβ10 | CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | Q99616 |
CCL14 | Scya14 | HCC-1, MCIF, Ckβ1, NCC-2, CCL | CCR1 | Q16627 |
CCL15 | Scya15 | Leukotactin-1, MIP-5, HCC-2, NCC-3 | CCR1, CCR3 | Q16663 |
CCL16 | Scya16 | LEC, NCC-4, LMC, Ckβ12 | CCR8 |
O15467 |
CCL17 | Scya17 | TARC, dendrokine, ABCD-2 | CCR4 | Q92583 |
CCL18 | Scya18 | PARC, DC-CK1, AMAC-1, Ckβ7, MIP-4 | P55774 | |
CCL19 | Scya19 | ELC, Exodus-3, Ckβ11 | CCR7 |
Q99731 |
CCL20 | Scya20 | LARC, Exodus-1, Ckβ4 | CCR6 |
P78556 |
CCL21 | Scya21 | SLC, 6Ckine, Exodus-2, Ckβ9, TCA-4 | CCR7 |
O00585 |
CCL22 | Scya22 | MDC, DC/β-CK | CCR4 | O00626 |
CCL23 | Scya23 | MPIF-1, Ckβ8, MIP-3, MPIF-1 | CCR1 | P55773 |
CCL24 | Scya24 | Eotaxin-2, MPIF-2, Ckβ6 | CCR3 | O00175 |
CCL25 | Scya25 | TECK, Ckβ15 | CCR9 | O15444 |
CCL26 | Scya26 | Eotaxin-3, MIP-4a, IMAC, TSC-1 | CCR3 | Q9Y258 |
CCL27 |
Scya27 | CTACK, ILC, Eskine, PESKY, skinkine | CCR10 | Q9Y4X3 |
CCL28 | Scya28 | MEC | CCR3, CCR10 | Q9NRJ3 |
CXC chemokines | ||||
Name | Gene | Other name(s) | Receptor | Uniprot |
CXCL1 | Scyb1 | Gro-a, GRO1, NAP-3, KC | CXCR2 |
P09341 |
CXCL2 | Scyb2 | Gro-β, GRO2, MIP-2a | CXCR2 |
P19875 |
CXCL3 | Scyb3 | Gro-?, GRO3, MIP-2β | CXCR2 |
P19876 |
CXCL4 |
Scyb4 | PF-4 | CXCR3B | P02776 |
CXCL5 | Scyb5 | ENA-78 | CXCR2 |
P42830 |
CXCL6 | Scyb6 | GCP-2 | CXCR2 |
P80162 |
CXCL7 | Scyb7 | NAP-2, CTAPIII, β-Ta, PEP | P02775 | |
CXCL8 | Scyb8 | IL-8, NAP-1, MDNCF, GCP-1 | CXCR2 |
P10145 |
CXCL9 | Scyb9 | MIG, CRG-10 | CXCR3 | Q07325 |
CXCL10 | Scyb10 | IP-10, CRG-2 | CXCR3 | P02778 |
CXCL11 | Scyb11 | I-TAC, β-R1, IP-9 | CXCR7 |
O14625 |
CXCL12 |
Scyb12 | SDF-1, PBSF | CXCR7 |
P48061 |
CXCL13 | Scyb13 | BCA-1, BLC | CXCR5 | O43927 |
CXCL14 | Scyb14 | BRAK, bolekine | O95715 | |
CXCL15 | Scyb15 | Lungkine, WECHE | Q9WVL7 | |
CXCL16 | Scyb16 | SRPSOX | CXCR6 | Q9H2A7 |
CXCL17 | VCC-1 | DMC, VCC-1 | Q6UXB2 | |
C chemokines | ||||
Name | Gene | Other name(s) | Receptor | Uniprot |
XCL1 | Scyc1 | Lymphotactin a, SCM-1a, ATAC | XCR1 | P47992 |
XCL2 | Scyc2 | Lymphotactin β, SCM-1β | XCR1 | Q9UBD3 |
CX3C chemokines | ||||
Name | Gene | Other name(s) | Receptor | Uniprot |
CX3CL1 | Scyd1 | Fractalkine, Neurotactin, ABCD-3 | CX3CR1 |
P78423 |
Members of the chemokine family are divided into four groups depending on the spacing of their first two cysteine residues. Thus the nomenclature for chemokines is, e.g.: CCL1 for the ligand 1 of the CC-family of chemokines, and CCR1 for its respective receptor.
CC chemokines
The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (
Examples of CC chemokine include monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) which induces monocytes to leave the bloodstream and enter the surrounding tissue to become tissue macrophages.
CCL5 (or
.Increased
CXC chemokines
The two N-terminal cysteines of CXC chemokines (or α-chemokines) are separated by one amino acid, represented in this name with an "X". There have been 17 different CXC chemokines described in mammals, that are subdivided into two categories, those with a specific amino acid sequence (or motif) of
C chemokines
The third group of chemokines is known as the C chemokines (or γ chemokines), and is unlike all other chemokines in that it has only two cysteines; one N-terminal cysteine and one cysteine downstream. Two chemokines have been described for this subgroup and are called XCL1 (
CX3C chemokines
A fourth group has also been discovered and members have three amino acids between the two cysteines and is termed CX3C chemokine (or d-chemokines). The only CX3C chemokine discovered to date is called
Receptors
Signal transduction
Chemokine receptors associate with G-proteins to transmit
Infection control
The discovery that the β chemokines
See also
- Paracrine signalling
References
- ^ PMID 21223965.
- PMID 16467548.
- S2CID 13880196.
- S2CID 7141579.
- ^ S2CID 34438005.
- PMID 22633458.
- PMID 16212895.
- ^ S2CID 10825790.
- S2CID 8175160.
- PMID 12789214.
- PMID 11807180.
- PMID 15062643.
- PMID 21886162.
- ^ PMID 10807766. Archived from the originalon 2013-07-04.
- S2CID 84062618.
- PMID 23856897.
- PMID 10518563.
External links
- The cytokine family database – Chemokines at kumamoto-u.ac.jp
- The correct chemokine nomenclature at rndsystems.com