Chennai
Chennai
Cennaī Madras | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top: 4th | |
Demonym | Chennaiite |
Languages | |
• Native | Tamil English |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
Pincode(s) | 600xxx |
Area code | +91-44 |
Vehicle registration | TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85 |
GDP | $128.3 billion[8] |
Website | Chennai Corporation |
Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 174 sq.km. was 4,646,732.[7] Post expansion of city limits to 426 sq.km.,[4] the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of Tamil Nadu was 6,748,026.[9] The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.[7] |
Chennai (
Historically, the region was part of the
The city is coterminous with
Chennai is a major centre for
Etymology
The name Chennai was derived from the name of
The name Madras is of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.[15] A Vijayanagara-era inscription found in 2015 was dated to the year 1367 and mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, and it was theorized that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.[16] Madras might have been derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St. George but it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.[17]
In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai.[18] The name Madras continues in occasional use for the city as well as for places or things named after the city earlier.[19]
History
The
In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.[25] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the king of Mysore.[31] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759.[32] In 1769, the city was threatened by Hyder Ali during the First Anglo-Mysore War with the Treaty of Madras ending the conflict.[33] By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.[34]
The city became a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.[35] The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802.[36] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the city was connected to other cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.[37]
After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, predecssor of the current state of Tamil Nadu.[38] The city was the location of the hunger strike and death of Potti Sreeramulu which eventually resulted in the re-organization of Indian states based on linguistic boundaries in 1956.[39]
In 1965,
Environment
Geography
Chennai is located on the south–eastern coast of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains with an average elevation of 6.7 m (22 ft) and highest point at 60 m (200 ft).[44][45] Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[46] Clay underlies most of the city with sandy areas found along the river banks and coasts where rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Certain areas in South Chennai have a hard rock surface.[47][48] As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percent, against the World Health Organization recommendation of 9 square metres of green cover per capita in cities with a built-up area of 71 percent. Waterbodies cover an estimated 6 percent of the total area, and at least 8 percent of the area has classified as open space.[49]
Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the
Geology
Chennai is classified as being in
Climate
Chennai has a dry-summer
Chennai receives majority of rainfall from the
Climate data for Chennai (Nungambakkam; rainfall from Chennai Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.4 (93.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.1 (106.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
39.4 (102.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.0 (91.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.5 (94.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 20.0 (0.79) |
4.7 (0.19) |
3.4 (0.13) |
17.5 (0.69) |
49.7 (1.96) |
75.4 (2.97) |
113.1 (4.45) |
141.4 (5.57) |
143.9 (5.67) |
278.3 (10.96) |
377.3 (14.85) |
183.7 (7.23) |
1,408.4 (55.45) |
Average rainy days | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 5.7 | 60.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
67 | 66 | 67 | 70 | 68 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 71 | 76 | 76 | 71 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 232.5 | 240.1 | 291.4 | 294.0 | 300.7 | 234.0 | 142.6 | 189.1 | 195.0 | 257.3 | 261.0 | 210.8 | 2,848.5 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 7.8 |
Average ultraviolet index | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[67][68][69][70] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Japan Meteorological Agency[71] Weather Atlas[72] |
Flora and fauna
A protected
Environmental issues
Chennai had many lakes spread across the city but
The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government of Tamil Nadu is working on the restoration of Adyar River.[90] Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.[91][92]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1639 | 7,000 | — |
1646 | 19,000 | +171.4% |
1670 | 40,000 | +110.5% |
1681 | 200,000 | +400.0% |
1685 | 300,000 | +50.0% |
1691 | 400,000 | +33.3% |
1715 | 100,000 | −75.0% |
1726 | 100,000 | +0.0% |
1733 | 100,000 | +0.0% |
1791 | 300,000 | +200.0% |
1871 | 367,552 | +22.5% |
1881 | 405,848 | +10.4% |
1891 | 452,518 | +11.5% |
1901 | 509,346 | +12.6% |
1911 | 518,660 | +1.8% |
1921 | 526,911 | +1.6% |
1931 | 647,232 | +22.8% |
1941 | 777,481 | +20.1% |
1951 | 1,416,056 | +82.1% |
1961 | 1,729,141 | +22.1% |
1971 | 2,469,449 | +42.8% |
1981 | 3,266,034 | +32.3% |
1991 | 3,841,396 | +17.6% |
2001 | 4,343,645 | +13.1% |
2011 | 6,748,026 | +55.4% |
Source: |
A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite.
Administration and politics
Administration
Chennai city is governed by the
The
Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and
Law and order
The
As of 2021[update], Greater Chennai had 135 police stations across four zones with 20,000 police personnel.
Politics
Being the capital of the
Congress dominated the political scene post Independence in the 1950s and 1960s under
The Chennai metropolitan area is spread across five parliamentary and 28 assembly constituencies.[136]
Culture
Languages
Religion and ethnicity
Chennai is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.
Architecture
With the history of city dating back to centuries, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, which include the
With the
Gothic revival style buildings include the
The presence of the
Arts
Chennai is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.
The city has a diverse theatre scene and is one of the important centres for
Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.[190] Established in the early 18th century, Government Museum and National Art Gallery are amongst the oldest in the country.[191] The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.[192] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.[193]
Chennai is the base for
Cuisine
Chennai cuisine is predominantly
Economy
The economy of Chennai consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to
The city has a permanent exhibition complex Chennai Trade Centre at Nandambakkam.[215] The city hosts the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet, a business summit organized by Government of Tamil Nadu.[216] With about 62% of the population classified as affluent with less than 1% asset-poor, Chennai has the fifth highest number of millionaries.[217][218][219]
Chennai is amongst the major
The
The city is home to the
Infrastructure
Water supply
The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the
Waste management
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.[255] The Corporation of Chennai undertakes garbage collection and processing with collection in some of the wards contracted to private companies.[256][257] As of 2023[update], an average of 150 tonnes of garbage disposal is done in two landfill sites at Kodungaiyur and Pallikaranai daily.[258][259] In market and business areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.[260] As of 2022[update], there are public toilets in 943 locations, managed by the city corporation.[261]
Communication
Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected by
Power
Electricity distribution is done by the
Health care
Chennai has a well developed health infrastructure including both government-run and private hospitals. The corporation runs 138 primary health centres, 14 secondary health centres, three maternity hospitals and three veterinary health centres.
Media
Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of the weekly The Madras Courier in 1785.
Government run
Others
Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services which operates 33 operating fire stations.[297] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.[298] Postal services are handled by India Post which operates 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.[299] The first post office was established on 1 June 1786 at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.[300]
Transport
Air
The aviation history of the city began in 1910, when
The region comes under the purview of the
Rail
The history of railway in the city can be traced back to 1832 when the first railway line in India was proposed between
- Suburban and MRTS
Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, which was established in 1928.
System | Lines | Stations | Length | Opened |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Suburban[320] | 3 | 53 | 212 km (132 mi) | 1928 |
Chennai MRTS[321] | 1 | 17 | 19.715 km (12.250 mi) | 1995 |
- Metro
Chennai Metro is a rapid transit rail system in Chennai which was opened in 2015. As of 2023, the metro system consists of two operational lines operating across 54.1 km (33.6 mi) with 41 stations.[322] Chennai metro system is being expanded with a proposed addition of three more lines and extension of 116.1 km (72.1 mi).[323] Rapid rail projects for Coimbatore and Madurai have been proposed.[324][325]
Line | Terminal | Opened | Length (km) |
Stations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue Line | Wimco Nagar | Chennai Airport | 21 September 2016 | 32.65 | 26 |
Green Line | Chennai Central
|
St. Thomas Mount
|
29 June 2015 | 22 | 17 |
Total | 54.65 | 41 |
Road
Chennai has an extensive road network covering about 1,780 kilometres (1,110 mi) as of 2023.
As of 2021[update], there are over 60 lakh registered vehicles in the city.
Water
Chennai has two major ports
Education
Chennai is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.
Chennai has many libraries with the major ones being the Connemara Public Library, one of the four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the Anna Centenary Library, the largest library in Asia.[354][355] Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre.[356] Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.[357]
Tourism and recreation
With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance including the
As of 2023[update], Chennai has 835 public parks maintained by the corporation.
As of 2012[update], there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes.[373] Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.[374] Chennai is also home to several several malls.[375] The city is an important market for jewellery.[376] Anna Nagar and Nungambakkam are amongst the expensive retail zones in the country.[377]
Sports
City based teams
Club | Sport | League | Home Stadium | Founded | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Super Kings | Cricket | Indian Premier League | M.A. Chidambaram Stadium
|
2008 | [405] |
Chennaiyin FC | Football | Indian Super League | Marina Arena
|
2013 | [389] |
Chennai Slam | Basketball | UBA Pro Basketball League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|
2015 | [394] |
Chennai Superstarz | Badminton | Premier Badminton League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|
2015 | [406] |
Chepauk Super Gillies
|
Cricket | Tamil Nadu Premier League | M.A. Chidambaram Stadium
|
2016 | [407] |
Tamil Thalaivas | Kabaddi | Pro Kabaddi League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|
2017 | [408] |
Chennai Lions | Table tennis | Ultimate Table Tennis | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|
2019 | [409] |
Chennai Blitz | Volleyball | Prime Volleyball League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
|
2021 | [410] |
International relations
Foreign missions
The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for South India.[411][412] As of 2022[update], there are 60 foreign representations in Chennai including 16 consulates general and 28 honorary consulates.[413][414] American Consulate in Chennai is amongst the top employment-based visa processing centres.[415] The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.[416]
Sister cities
Chennai has
City | Country | State/Region | Since | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Volgograd | Russia | Volgograd Oblast | 1966 | [417] |
Denver | United States | Colorado | 1984 | [417] |
San Antonio | United States | Texas | 2008 | [418] |
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
|
2010 | [419] |
Chongqing | People's Republic of China | Municipality of Chongqing
|
2015 | [420] |
Ulsan | South Korea | Ulsan Metropolitan City
|
2016 | [421] |
Notable people
See also
- Areas of Chennai
- Timeline of Chennai history
Notes
- ^ Chennai District
- ^ /məˈdrɑːs/ ⓘ or /-ˈdræs/[10]
- ^ The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created
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External links
- Official website of Chennai district
- Chennai at Curlie
- Chennai Encyclopædia Britannica entry