Chhaya

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For other uses, see Chhaya (disambiguation).
Chhaya
Goddess of Shadows
Saranyu
AbodeSuryaloka
MantraOm Chhayave Namah
Personal information
ConsortSurya
ChildrenSavarni Manu, Shani, Tapati

Chhaya or Chaya (

Saranyu
(Sanjna), the first wife of Surya. Chhaya was born from the shadow of Sanjna and replaced Sanjna in her house, after the latter temporarily left her husband.

Chhaya Devi the goddess of shadows is usually described as the mother of

Tapti; goddess Vishti , the personification of Kala; and a son Savarni Manu, who is destined to be the next and eighth Manu (progenitor of mankind) – the ruler of the next Manvantara period.[2]

Early Vedic and epic legends

In the

Vishwakarma - abandons him and flees in form of a mare. The divine Saranyu places in her place a woman called Savarna ("same-kind"): similar to Saranyu, but mortal, unlike the later Puranas where Chhaya is a mere shadow of Saranyu. Savarna has no children by Surya. A later (700-500 BCE) addition to the Rigveda by Yaska in his Nikuta says that Manu (the progenitor of mankind, called Savarni Manu in later Puranic text) was born to Savarna. While the original text says "they" (interpreted as the gods) substituted Savarna for Saranyu, Yaksa's Nikuta tells that Saranyu created Savarna and substituted her. Brhad devata calls the prototype of Chhaya as Sadrisha ("look-alike"), a woman who looked like Saranyu. Sadrsha begot Manu by Surya, who became a royal sage.[3]

By the time of the

Yama
threatens her by raising his foot. Chhaya casts a curse on Yama that his legs would fall away, but Surya reduced this curse so that some parts of Yama's legs would fall and would be consumed by worms on earth. Upon discovery of this, Surya threatens Chhaya, and she discloses the story of her creation; whereafter Surya finds Sanjna and brings her back. The text also states that Shani was a brother of Savarni Manu, though his birth is not explicitly stated.

Puranic legends

The Markandeya Purana tells the tale of Sanjna-Chhaya twice, the tale is similar to that in the Harivamsa, but Sanjna leaves Surya as she is unable to bear his splendour and heat. The curse to Yama is a little different. Yama abuses Chhaya and picks his leg up to kick her. Chhaya curses Yama to have his leg affected with worms and sores. Surya grants Yama, a cock to eat the worms from his leg. In the other telling, the curse is almost same as the Harivamsa. Chhaya also cleverly says that she is Yama's father's wife, but does not say that she is his mother.[5][6]

The Vishnu Purana also records the legend similar to Markandeya Purana, but has few differences. Unable to bear Surya's intense heat, Sanjna after giving birth to three children - retires to the forest to practice harsh austerities in form of a mare, leaving her shadow-image Chhaya, her handmaid to take her place and tend for her husband and progeny. Surya mistakes Chhaya for Sanjna and fathers three children on her. Chhaya gives birth to Shani, Savarni Manu and Tapti. However, Chhaya became partial to her own children and ignored those of Sanjna. Yama, suspected the behavior of who he thought was his mother and offended her. Chhaya cast a curse on Yama (the details of the curse are not disclosed), which revealed to Yama and Surya that Chhaya was not the true Sanjna. After the extracting the truth from Chhaya, Surya finds Sanjna and brings her back.[6]

The

Kala (Time or Death) who dwells in Hell.[7] Chhaya's tale is also found in the 11th century CE Kathasaritsagara.[1][8] The Markandeya Purana records that Chhaya had three sons: Shani, Savarni Manu and Revanta, the divine master of horses. Kurma Purana describes only Savarni Manu as her son.[9] While in some versions of the tale, Surya abandons Chhaya after knowing the truth about her, Surya deserts Chhaya before bringing back Sanjna,[10] however a contemporary version tells that Chhaya was forgiven and lived with Surya, Sanjna and their children thereafter.[11]

While most accounts consider Chhaya to be the reflection or shadow of Saranyu (Sanjna) - Surya's first wife;

Vishwakarma.[6][12]

Markandeya Purana as well as Vishnudharmottara Purana prescribe that Surya should be depicted in images with Chhaya and his other wives by his sides.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision) p. 406
  2. ^ According to Hindu cosmology, man is currently in the seventh Manvantara.
  3. ISBN 81-208-1491-6
    .
  4. ISBN 81-208-1491-6
    .
  5. ISBN 81-208-1491-6
    .
  6. ^
    Wilson, Horace Hayman (1866). "II"
    . The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition. Vol. 8. London: Trubner & Co. pp. 20–23.
  7. ISBN 978-81-307-0532-3
    .
  8. ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). The goddess in India: the five faces of the eternal feminine. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. p. 127.
  9. ISBN 0-89281-354-7
    .
  10. ISBN 0-8426-0822-2
    .
  11. ISBN 81-208-1491-6
    .
  12. Prabhupada. "Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: Chapter 13: Description of Future Manus". The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. Archived from the original
    on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  13. ISBN 9788170418597
    .
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