Chianina

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Chianina
FAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 144 
Other names
  • Chianina della Valdichiana
  • Chianina del Valdarno
  • Calvana
  • Perugina
Distributionworld-wide
StandardANABIC
Usedual-purpose, draught and beef
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    1200–1500 kg[2]: 19 
  • Female:
    800–1000 kg[2]: 19 
Height
  • Male:
    160–170 cm[2]: 19 
  • Female:
    155–165 cm[2]: 19 
Skin colorblack
Coatwhite hair, black switch
Horn statushorned
  • Bos primigenius

    • The Chianina (Italian pronunciation: [kjaˈniːna]) is an Italian breed of large white cattle. It was formerly principally a draught breed; it is now raised mainly for beef. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world.[3] The bistecca alla fiorentina is produced from its meat.

    History

    External image
    image icon Photograph of Donetto, the heaviest bull in the world, c. 1955

    The Chianina is one of the oldest breeds of cattle. It originates in the area of the

    ministerial decree of 7 August 1935.[10] A private register was previously kept by the largest cattle breeder of the Sienese Valdichiana, the Eredi del conte Bastogi of Abbadia di Montepulciano,[10] and a group of breeders had in 1899 formed a society, the Società degli Agricoltori della Valdichiana (society of farmers of the Valdichiana), of which a principal aim was the establishment of a herdbook.[11][12]

    Since the Second World War the Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat. Through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, it has reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas.[13]

    Breed description

    A bull of the Chianina breed

    The Chianina is both the tallest and the heaviest breed of cattle. Mature bulls stand up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), and oxen may reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in).[13] It is not unusual for bulls to exceed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) in weight.[3] Males standing over 1.51 m (4 ft 11 in) at 12 months are considered top-grade. A Chianina bull named Donetto holds the world record for the heaviest bull, reported by one source as 1,740 kg (3,840 lb) when exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955,[14] but as 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall at the age of 8 by others including the Tenuta La Fratta, near Sinalunga in the province of Siena, where he was bred.[15][16] Cows usually weigh 800–900 kg (1,800–2,000 lb), but commonly exceed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb); those standing over 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) are judged top-grade. Calves routinely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb) at birth.[3] The coat of the Chianina is white; very slight grey shading round the eyes and on the foreparts is tolerated. The skin, muzzle, switch, hooves and the tips of the horns are black, as are the natural openings – the anus, vulva, eyelids, palate, tongue, and lower part of the scrotum.[2]: 20 

    At the end of 2010 there were 47,236 head registered in Italy, of which more than 90% were in Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio; it is, after the Marchigiana, the second indigenous beef breed of Italy.[17]

    Uses

    The Chianina is a dual purpose breed, raised both for meat and for draught use;[18] the milk is barely sufficient for suckling.[4]

    Draught use

    Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Livorno, Perugia, Pisa (parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of Caserta, Latina and Terni. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the mezzadri.[13] A typical casa colonica or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above.

    At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana (since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia.[13]

    The oxen, both male and female, were invariably worked in pairs, yoked with a type of neck yoke. Today Chianina oxen are rarely seen in Italy other than at public events such as the Palio di Siena.

    In North America Chianina oxen are trained for participation in ox-pulling contests. Conroy shows a pair pulling 6,045 kg (13,327 lb) on a

    stoneboat.[19]

    Meat production

    In beef production, Chianina cattle are chosen for their growth rate, which may exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb) per day,[3] the high yield and high quality of the meat, and their tolerance of heat and sunlight. They are good foragers and have better resistance to disease and insects than many other domestic cattle.

    The ideal slaughter weight is 650–700 kg (1,430–1,540 lb), reached at 16–18 months, where the yield may be 64–65%. The meat is renowned for its quality and nutritional values.

    Indicazione Geografica Protetta, or certification of region of origin, in accordance with European Community regulation 2081/92.[16]

    Cross-breeding

    The Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with British breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it has been used to transmit size, growth-rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local breeds.[13] It has been found to transmit well qualities such as growth-rate, meat quality, resistance to heat and cold and to insects and disease, and adaptation to rough terrain.[21]: 251  Stock cross-bred with the Chianina may reach slaughter weight a month earlier than normal.[18] In 1971 semen was first exported to the United States, where there are now many half-blood and quarter-blood animals.[21]: 251  The first American Chianina x Angus calf was born on 31 January 1972 at Tannehill Ranch, near King City, California. Within four years the American Chianina Association had established a Chiangus register, since then the Chiangus has achieved "all but total dominance" in U.S. steer shows. Chianina semen was first imported into Australia in 1973, from Canada; it has since been imported directly from Italy. The Chiangus is an established cross in Australia also.[22]

    References

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chianina.
    1. ISBN 9789251057629
      . Accessed September 2017.
    2. ^
      ISBN 9788850652594
      . p. 18–20.
    3. ^ a b c d e La Chianina (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
    4. ^ a b Chianina (in Italian). Atlante delle razze bovine – Razze da carne. Accessed October 2015.
    5. ^ a b Standards di razza: Chianina (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
    6. ^ L. Iunius Moderatus Columella (c.55 AD). De Re Rustica, Liber Sextus (in Latin). The Latin Library.
    7. ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, [unknown translator] (1745). L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors. London: A. Millar.
    8. ISBN 0670838365
      .
    9. ISBN 0730100405
      .
    10. ^ a b Clara Sargentini La Razza Chianina (in Italian). La Razza Chianina: valore del passato–patrimonio del futuro. Archived 5 September 2010.
    11. ^ E. Marchi (1901). Relazione sull'indirizzo necessario per il miglioramento razionale della razza bovina di Val di Chiana (in Italian). Florence: [s.n.]; cited in: Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996). La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (excerpt only, in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 7 (1).
    12. ^ Lucia Mazzetti (May 2008). Ezio Marchi – lo scienziato 'amico degli allevatori' (in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 18 (2). Accessed October 2015. Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    13. ^ a b c d e Aldo Focacci (June 2006). Storia e situazione attuale dei bovini chianini (in Italian). Eurocarni 2006 (6): 123. Edizioni Pubblicità Italia.
    14. ^ John B. Friend (1978). Cattle of the World. Blandford, Dorset: Blandford Press.
    15. ^ Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996). La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (excerpt only, in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 7 (1). Accessed October 2015.
    16. ^ a b La Razza Chianina: Le Origini (in Italian). razzachianina.it. Archived 22 November 2021.
    17. ^ Consistenze al 31.12.2014 (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015.
    18. ^ a b La Razza Chianina: Le Caratteristiche (in Italian). razzachianina.it. Archived 22 November 2021.
    19. ^ Drew Conroy (2004). Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies. Accessed October 2015.
    20. ^ Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Il mondo agricolo. Accessed October 2015.
    21. ^
      ISBN 9781428318083
      .
    22. ^ Chianina History. Chianina Society of Australia. Accessed October 2015.

    Further reading

    • Elvio Borgioli, Aldo Olivetti (1975). Origini, evoluzione e prospettive attuali e future della razza bovina chianina (in Italian). Bologna: Edagricole.
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