Chicago
Chicago | ||
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FIPS code 17-14000 | | |
GNIS feature ID | 0428803 | |
Website | chicago |
Chicago[a] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388 in the 2020 census,[8] it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. As the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents.
Located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.[9][10] In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[11] but Chicago's population continued to grow.[10] Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture, such as the Chicago School, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.[12][13]
Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It has the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone.[14] O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,[15] and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.[16] The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.[17] Chicago's economy is diverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.[14]
Chicago is a major destination for
Etymology and nicknames
The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir.[19] Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.[20] According to his diary of late September 1687:
... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.[20]
The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.[21]
History
Beginnings
In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples in this region.[22]
The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader
In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.[26]
After the War of 1812, the
19th century
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.[29] Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,[30] and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.[31]
As the site of the Chicago Portage,[32] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.[33][34][35][36]
A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and
In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator
To accommodate
The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.[42][43][44]
In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.
The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes, and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).[54][55]
Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889.[56] Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of social work.[57]
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.[58]
The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[59]
In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.[60][61] In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones.[62] This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.
In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.[63][64] The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the Washington and Jackson Parks.[65][66]
20th and 21st centuries
1900 to 1939
During
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when
From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes in it. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.[72][73][74][75][76][77]
Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the Society for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.[78]
The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat.[79]
From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.
In 1933, Chicago Mayor
1940 to 1979
During World War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945.[82]
The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.[83]
On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.[84]
Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.[85]
By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as
Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous
1980 to present
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.[92] Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.
Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development, as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.[93][94]
In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.[95] The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.[95]
On February 23, 2011,
On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.
Geography
Topography
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the
Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.[102]
When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.
An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.[107][108][109]
Communities
Major sections of the city include the central business district, called the Loop, and the North, South, and West Sides.[110] The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes.[111] The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.[112] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.[113]
In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct
Streetscape
Chicago's streets were laid out in a
In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States.
Architecture
The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era,[52] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[121] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.[122]
Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;
The
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the
A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.[131]
Monuments and public art
Chicago is famous for its outdoor
Climate
The city lies within the typical hot-summer
Spring and autumn are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. Dew point temperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.[143] They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within USDA plant hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.[144]
According to the
Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an urban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.[148] Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.[149]
Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1928–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
92 (33) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
109 (43) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
72 (22) |
109 (43) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 53.4 (11.9) |
57.9 (14.4) |
72.0 (22.2) |
81.5 (27.5) |
89.2 (31.8) |
93.9 (34.4) |
96.0 (35.6) |
94.2 (34.6) |
90.8 (32.7) |
82.8 (28.2) |
68.0 (20.0) |
57.5 (14.2) |
97.1 (36.2) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) |
36.8 (2.7) |
47.9 (8.8) |
60.0 (15.6) |
71.5 (21.9) |
81.2 (27.3) |
85.2 (29.6) |
83.1 (28.4) |
76.5 (24.7) |
63.7 (17.6) |
49.6 (9.8) |
37.7 (3.2) |
60.5 (15.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 26.2 (−3.2) |
29.9 (−1.2) |
39.9 (4.4) |
50.9 (10.5) |
61.9 (16.6) |
71.9 (22.2) |
76.7 (24.8) |
75.0 (23.9) |
67.8 (19.9) |
55.3 (12.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
31.5 (−0.3) |
52.4 (11.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 19.5 (−6.9) |
22.9 (−5.1) |
32.0 (0.0) |
41.7 (5.4) |
52.4 (11.3) |
62.7 (17.1) |
68.1 (20.1) |
66.9 (19.4) |
59.2 (15.1) |
46.8 (8.2) |
35.2 (1.8) |
25.3 (−3.7) |
44.4 (6.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3 (−19) |
3.4 (−15.9) |
14.1 (−9.9) |
28.2 (−2.1) |
39.1 (3.9) |
49.3 (9.6) |
58.6 (14.8) |
57.6 (14.2) |
45.0 (7.2) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
5.3 (−14.8) |
−6.5 (−21.4) |
Record low °F (°C) | −25 (−32) |
−20 (−29) |
−7 (−22) |
10 (−12) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
46 (8) |
43 (6) |
29 (−2) |
20 (−7) |
−3 (−19) |
−20 (−29) |
−25 (−32) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.30 (58) |
2.12 (54) |
2.66 (68) |
4.15 (105) |
4.75 (121) |
4.53 (115) |
4.02 (102) |
4.10 (104) |
3.33 (85) |
3.86 (98) |
2.73 (69) |
2.33 (59) |
40.88 (1,038) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 12.5 (32) |
10.1 (26) |
5.7 (14) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.5 (3.8) |
7.9 (20) |
38.8 (99) |
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 7 (18) |
7 (18) |
4 (10) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (2.5) |
4 (10) |
7 (18) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.5 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 127.0 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.9 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 28.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: NOAA[150][143][146], WRCC[151] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[152] |
Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1871–present[c] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
98 (37) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
71 (22) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 52.3 (11.3) |
56.8 (13.8) |
71.0 (21.7) |
80.9 (27.2) |
88.0 (31.1) |
93.1 (33.9) |
94.9 (34.9) |
93.2 (34.0) |
89.7 (32.1) |
81.7 (27.6) |
67.0 (19.4) |
56.4 (13.6) |
96.0 (35.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 31.6 (−0.2) |
35.7 (2.1) |
47.0 (8.3) |
59.0 (15.0) |
70.5 (21.4) |
80.4 (26.9) |
84.5 (29.2) |
82.5 (28.1) |
75.5 (24.2) |
62.7 (17.1) |
48.4 (9.1) |
36.6 (2.6) |
59.5 (15.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.2 (−3.8) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
39.0 (3.9) |
49.7 (9.8) |
60.6 (15.9) |
70.6 (21.4) |
75.4 (24.1) |
73.8 (23.2) |
66.3 (19.1) |
54.0 (12.2) |
41.3 (5.2) |
30.5 (−0.8) |
51.3 (10.7) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.8 (−7.3) |
21.8 (−5.7) |
31.0 (−0.6) |
40.3 (4.6) |
50.6 (10.3) |
60.8 (16.0) |
66.4 (19.1) |
65.1 (18.4) |
57.1 (13.9) |
45.4 (7.4) |
34.1 (1.2) |
24.4 (−4.2) |
43.0 (6.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.5 (−20.3) |
0.5 (−17.5) |
11.8 (−11.2) |
25.6 (−3.6) |
36.7 (2.6) |
46.0 (7.8) |
54.5 (12.5) |
54.3 (12.4) |
41.8 (5.4) |
29.7 (−1.3) |
17.3 (−8.2) |
3.2 (−16.0) |
−8.5 (−22.5) |
Record low °F (°C) | −27 (−33) |
−21 (−29) |
−12 (−24) |
7 (−14) |
27 (−3) |
35 (2) |
45 (7) |
42 (6) |
29 (−2) |
14 (−10) |
−2 (−19) |
−25 (−32) |
−27 (−33) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.99 (51) |
1.97 (50) |
2.45 (62) |
3.75 (95) |
4.49 (114) |
4.10 (104) |
3.71 (94) |
4.25 (108) |
3.19 (81) |
3.43 (87) |
2.42 (61) |
2.11 (54) |
37.86 (962) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.3 (29) |
10.7 (27) |
5.5 (14) |
1.3 (3.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
1.8 (4.6) |
7.6 (19) |
38.4 (98) |
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 6 (15) |
6 (15) |
4 (10) |
1 (2.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (2.5) |
3 (7.6) |
6 (15) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.0 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 125.8 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.5 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.1 | 27.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72.2 | 71.6 | 69.7 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 65.6 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 71.1 | 68.6 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 69.6 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 13.6 (−10.2) |
17.6 (−8.0) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
35.8 (2.1) |
45.7 (7.6) |
55.8 (13.2) |
61.7 (16.5) |
61.0 (16.1) |
53.8 (12.1) |
41.7 (5.4) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
20.1 (−6.6) |
38.8 (3.8) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 135.8 | 136.2 | 187.0 | 215.3 | 281.9 | 311.4 | 318.4 | 283.0 | 226.6 | 193.2 | 113.3 | 106.3 | 2,508.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 46 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 62 | 68 | 69 | 66 | 60 | 56 | 38 | 37 | 56 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[143][155][156] |
Sunshine data for Chicago | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
Source: Weather Atlas[157] |
Time zone
As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of the Central Time Zone. The border with the Eastern Time Zone is located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan and certain parts of Indiana.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1840 | 4,470 | — | |
1850 | 29,963 | 570.3% | |
1860 | 112,172 | 274.4% | |
1870 | 298,977 | 166.5% | |
1880 | 503,185 | 68.3% | |
1890 | 1,099,850 | 118.6% | |
1900 | 1,698,575 | 54.4% | |
1910 | 2,185,283 | 28.7% | |
1920 | 2,701,705 | 23.6% | |
1930 | 3,376,438 | 25.0% | |
1940 | 3,396,808 | 0.6% | |
1950 | 3,620,962 | 6.6% | |
1960 | 3,550,404 | −1.9% | |
1970 | 3,366,957 | −5.2% | |
1980 | 3,005,072 | −10.7% | |
1990 | 2,783,726 | −7.4% | |
2000 | 2,896,016 | 4.0% | |
2010 | 2,695,598 | −6.9% | |
2020 | 2,746,388 | 1.9% | |
2022 (est.) | 2,665,039 | −3.0% | |
United States Census Bureau[158] 2010–2020[8] |
During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world,[159] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[160] and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including
In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "
Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in Mexico, Poland and India.[170]
Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by Los Angeles as the United States' second largest city.[171]
The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.[172]
According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019[update], Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.[173][174][175][176]
Racial composition | 2020[177] | 2010[178] | 1990[176] | 1970[176] | 1940[176] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) | 31.4% | 31.7% | 37.9% | 59.0%[d] | 91.2% |
Hispanic or Latino | 29.8% | 28.9% | 19.6% | 7.4%[d] | 0.5% |
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
|
28.7% | 32.3% | 39.1% | 32.7% | 8.2% |
Asian (non-Hispanic)
|
6.9% | 5.4% | 3.7% | 0.9% | 0.1% |
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)
|
2.6% | 1.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Race or Ethnicity |
Race Alone | Total [e] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White
|
35.9% | 45.6% | ||
Black or African American | 29.2% | 30.8% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[f] | — | 29.8% | ||
Asian | 7.0% | 8.0% | ||
Native American | 1.3% | 2.6% | ||
Mixed | 10.8% | — | ||
Other | 15.8% | — |
Chicago has the third-largest
Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[186]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008–2012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line.[187] In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.[188]
According to the 2008–2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:[189]
- Ireland (137,799)
- Poland (134,032)
- Germany (120,328)
- Italy (77,967)
- China (66,978)
- American (37,118)
- UK (36,145)
- recent African (32,727)
- India (25,000)
- Russia (19,771)
- Arab (17,598)
- European (15,753)
- Sweden (15,151)
- Japan (15,142)
- Greece (15,129)
- France (except Basque) (11,410)
- Ukraine (11,104)
- West Indian (except Hispanic groups) (10,349)
Persons identifying themselves in "Other groups" were classified at 1.72 million, and unclassified or not reported were approximately 153,000.[189]
Religion
According to a 2014 study by the
Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the
Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. Judaism has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.[194][190] A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.[195]
The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.[196] Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama[197] and Pope John Paul II in 1979.[198]
Economy
Chicago has the third-largest
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.[204] Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago.[205] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims three Dow 30 companies: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001;[206] McDonald's; and Walgreens Boots Alliance.[207] For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.[208] However, three Fortune 500 companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.[209]
Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[210] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[211] Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.[212] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[213]
Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.[214][215]
Culture and contemporary life
The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the
Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.[citation needed]
The South Side neighborhood of
The West Side holds the
The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like
Entertainment and the arts
Renowned Chicago theater companies include the
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[223] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago.[224] The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[225] and presents operas in Lithuanian.
The
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include
Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Henry Darger is one of the most celebrated figures of outsider art.[228]
Tourism
In 2014[update], Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[229] These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.[229] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[230] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.[231]
Museums
Among the city's museums are the
Cuisine
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned
The
A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the Italian beef sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The Maxwell Street Polish is a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[239]
One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three Michelin stars, Alinea is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".[245]
Literature
Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[246] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[247] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[248] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
At least three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American literature.[249] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.
What would become the influential
Sports
The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.[253]
The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[254] they have played in Chicago since 1871.[255] They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.
The
The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[256] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[257][258]
The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.[259]
Club | League | Sport | Venue | Attendance | Founded | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago Bears | NFL | Football | Soldier Field | 61,142 | 1919 | 9 Championships (1 Super Bowl )
|
Chicago Cubs | MLB | Baseball | Wrigley Field | 41,649 | 1870 | 3 World Series |
Chicago White Sox | MLB | Baseball | Guaranteed Rate Field | 40,615 | 1900 | 3 World Series |
Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | Ice hockey | United Center | 21,653 | 1926 | 6 Stanley Cups |
Chicago Bulls | NBA | Basketball | 20,776 | 1966 | 6 NBA Championships | |
Chicago Fire | MLS | Soccer | Soldier Field | 17,383 | 1997 | 1 Supporters Shield
|
Chicago Sky | WNBA | Basketball | Wintrust Arena | 10,387 | 2006 | 1 WNBA Championships |
Chicago Red Stars | NWSL | Soccer
|
SeatGeek Stadium | 5,863 | 2013 | 1 WPSL Elite championship
|
The Chicago Red Stars are a team in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). They previously played in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at SeatGeek Stadium in Bridgeview, Illinois.
The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Wintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.[261]
The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.[262]
Five area colleges play in
Chicago has also entered into
Parks and greenspace
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a
There is a historic
With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[272] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.[citation needed]
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the
Law and government
Government
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and
The
Politics
Year | Democratic | Republican | Others |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 82.5% 944,735 | 15.8% 181,234 | 1.6% 18,772 |
2016 | 82.9% 912,945 | 12.3% 135,320 | 4.8% 53,262 |
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing
Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17
The city is home of former United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.[282]
Crime
Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.
Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.[288] The neighborhoods of Englewood on the South Side, and Austin on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.[289] Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.[290][291] According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"[292] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.[293] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[292] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[294] the murder rate was 10.4 – while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[295]
Chicago has a long history of public
Education
Schools and libraries
Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[301] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.[302] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues.[303] According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[304]
Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools,[305] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preparatory schools and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.[306]
The Chicago Public Library system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighbourhood branches, including the central library.[307]
Colleges and universities
Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by
Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the
Media
Television
The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.[311] Each of the big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM 2, WLS 7, WMAQ 5 and WFLD 32, respectively). Former CW affiliate WGN-TV 9, which was owned from its inception by Tribune Broadcasting (now owned by the Nexstar Media Group since 2019), is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. WGN America eventually became NewsNation in 2021.
Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including
Television stations
Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are:
- WBBM-TV (2), owned and operated by CBS.
- WMAQ-TV (5), owned and operated by NBC.
- WLS-TV (7), owned and operated by ABC.
- WGN-TV (9), an independent station owned by Nexstar Media Group.
- WTTW (11), a PBS member station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.
- WCIU-TV (26), a CW and MeTV affiliate owned by Weigel Broadcasting.
- WFLD (32), owned and operated by Fox.
- Naperville.
- WCPX-TV (38), owned and operated by Ion Television.
- WSNS-TV (44), owned and operated by Telemundo.
- WPWR-TV (50), owned and operated by MyNetworkTV (Fox), licensed to Gary, Indiana.
- WYIN (56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.
- WTVK (59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed in Oswego, Illinois.
- Unimas.
- WJYS (62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed to Hammond, Indiana.
- WGBO-DT (66), owned and operated by Univision.
Newspapers
Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the
Movies and filming
Radio
Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the Audacy-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.[citation needed]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.[316]
The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[317]
Parking
Due to Chicago's
Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its
The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for
Expressways
Seven mainline and four auxiliary
The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[325]
Transit systems
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
- The Yellowlines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
- South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bendand Chicago.
- Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[326]
Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the Chicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).
Passenger rail
Bicycle and scooter sharing systems
In July 2013, the bicycle-sharing system Divvy was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations[329] It is operated by Lyft for the Chicago Department of Transportation.[330] As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding Pullman, Rosedale, Beverly, Belmont Cragin and Edison Park.[331]
In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.
Freight rail
Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.
Airports
Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,[340] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.[341] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[342] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline.
Port authority
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the
- Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 square feet) of storage.
- Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Little Calumet River6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
- Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet.
- The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zoneNo. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.
Utilities
Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[344][345][346]
Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[347] Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[348]
Health systems
The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–16, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[349]
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including
The
In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.
The
Sister cities
See also
- Chicago area water quality
- Chicago Wilderness
- Gentrification of Chicago
- Index of Illinois-related articles
- List of cities with the most skyscrapers
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago
- USS Chicago, four ships
Explanatory notes
- ^ /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ⓘ shih-KAH-goh, locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ shih-KAW-goh;[7] Miami-Illinois: Shikaakwa; Ojibwe: Zhigaagong
- ^ a b Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to December 31, 1925, University of Chicago from January 1, 1926 to June 30, 1942, Midway Airport from July 1, 1942 to January 16, 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since January 17, 1980.[153][154]
- ^ a b From 15% sample
- ^ The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
- ^ Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.
References
Citations
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- ^ a b "QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
- ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
- ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
- ^ Carrico, Natalya (March 18, 2019). "'We're still here'". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ a b "QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- ^ Keating, Ann Durkin. "Metropolitan Growth". In Grossman, Keating & Reiff (2004).
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Cited references
- Bach, Ira J. (1980), Chicago's Famous Buildings, The University of Chicago Press, LCCN 79023365
- Buisseret, David (1990), Historic Illinois From The Air, The University of Chicago Press, LCCN 89020648
- OCLC 1966986
- LCCN 72094791
- Genzen, Jonathan (2007), The Chicago River: A History in Photographs, Westcliffe Publishers, Inc., LCCN 2006022119
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L., eds. (2004), The Encyclopedia of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, OCLC 54454572
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
- Lowe, David Garrard (2000), Lost Chicago, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, LCCN 00107305
- OCLC 54400307
- OCLC 38879251
- Norcliffe, Glen (2001), The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, OCLC 46625313
- Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008), Portage Park, Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7385-5229-3, archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2023, retrieved November 9, 2020
- OCLC 37246254
Further reading
- OCLC 26609682
- Granacki, Victoria (2004), Chicago's Polish Downtown, Arcadia Pub, LCCN 2004103888
- Jirasek, Rita Arias; Tortolero, Carlos (2001), Mexican Chicago, Arcadia Pub, LCCN 2001088175
- Miller, Donald L. (1996), City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America, New York: Simon & Schuster, OCLC 493430274
- Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009), Chicago: A Biography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, OCLC 298670853
- ISBN 978-0-226-73456-9
- Sawyer, R. Keith (2002), Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation, Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub., OCLC 59373382
- Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997), Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop (2nd ed.), Champaign, IL: OCLC 42362348
- Smith, Carl S. (2006), The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City, Chicago visions + revisions, Chicago: OCLC 261199152
- Spears, Timothy B. (2005), Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, OCLC 56086689
- Swanson, Stevenson (1997), Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City, Chicago Tribune (Firm), Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation, OCLC 36066057
- Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007), Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes, G. Bradley Pub, Inc., ISBN 978-0-9774512-2-7
External links
- Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004), comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
- Official website (Website archives at the Wayback Machine (archive index))
- Choose Chicago—Official tourism website
- Chicago History Archived June 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- Maps of Chicago from the American Geographical Society Library
- Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. IL-10, "Chicago Cityscape, Chicago, Cook County, IL", 45 photos, 4 photo caption pages
- Chicago – LocalWiki Local Chicago Wiki
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 118–125. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). 1922. .