Chicago

Coordinates: 41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88194°N 87.62778°W / 41.88194; -87.62778
Page semi-protected
Listen to this article
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chicago
FIPS code
17-14000
GNIS feature ID0428803
Websitechicago.gov

Chicago[a] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388 in the 2020 census,[8] it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. As the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area, often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents.

Located on the shore of Lake Michigan, Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.[9][10] In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[11] but Chicago's population continued to grow.[10] Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture, such as the Chicago School, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.[12][13]

Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It has the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone.[14] O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,[15] and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.[16] The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.[17] Chicago's economy is diverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.[14]

Chicago is a major destination for

Chicago include all major professional leagues, including two Major League Baseball
teams.

Etymology and nicknames

The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir.[19] Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.[20] According to his diary of late September 1687:

... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.[20]

The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.[21]

History

Beginnings

Traditional Potawatomi regalia on display at the Field Museum of Natural History

In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples in this region.[22]

An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
Home Insurance Building (1885)
Court of Honor at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893

The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader

African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago".[23][24][25]

In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.[26]

After the War of 1812, the

Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal.[27][28][29]

19th century

The location and course of the Illinois and Michigan Canal (completed 1848)
State and Madison streets, once known as the busiest intersection in the world (1897)

On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.[29] Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,[30] and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.[31]

As the site of the Chicago Portage,[32] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.[33][34][35][36]

A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and

American economy.[37] The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts.[38]

In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator

Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[39] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War
.

To accommodate

jackscrews for raising buildings.[41] While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, and subsequently into Lake Michigan
, polluting the city's primary freshwater source.

The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.[42][43][44]

In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.

stockyards, survived intact,[48] and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.[49][50] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction.[51][52]

The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the

The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.

Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes, and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).[54][55]

Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike. Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889.[56] Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of social work.[57]

During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.[58]

The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[59]

In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.[60][61] In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones.[62] This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.

In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.[63][64] The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the Washington and Jackson Parks.[65][66]

20th and 21st centuries

1900 to 1939

Aerial motion film photography of Chicago in 1914 as filmed by A. Roy Knabenshue

During

New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.[68] Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919, also occurred.[69]

The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when

St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.[71]

Chicago tenants picket against rent increases (March 1920)

From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes in it. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.[72][73][74][75][76][77]

Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the Society for Human Rights. It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.[78]

Men outside a soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1931)

The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat.[79]

From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.

Memorial Day massacre of 1937
in the neighborhood of East Side.

In 1933, Chicago Mayor

World's Fair.[80] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.[81]

1940 to 1979

The Chicago Picasso (1967) inspired a new era in urban public art.

During World War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945.[82]

Protesters in Grant Park outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention

The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.[83]

On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.[84]

Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.[85]

By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as

Black Belt.[86] While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.[87] Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.[88]

Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous

Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.[91]

1980 to present

In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.[92] Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.

Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development, as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.[93][94]

In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.[95] The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.[95]

On February 23, 2011,

Melissa Conyears-Ervin.[99]

On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.

Geography

Chicago skyline at sunset in October 2020, from near Fullerton Avenue looking south

Topography

Aerial view of the Chicago Loop in 2012
Downtown and the North Side with beaches lining the waterfront
A satellite image of Chicago

Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the

Great Lakes region. The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.[100][101]

Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.[102]

When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.

above sea level. While measurements vary somewhat,[104] the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side.[105]

Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick Place
Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.

An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.[107][108][109]

Communities

Community areas of Chicago

Major sections of the city include the central business district, called the Loop, and the North, South, and West Sides.[110] The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes.[111] The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.[112] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.[113]

In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct

neighborhoods.[114][115]

Streetscape

Chicago's streets were laid out in a

Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.[117]

In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States.

Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.[120]

Architecture

The Chicago Building (1904–05) is a prime example of the Chicago School, displaying both variations of the Chicago window.

The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era,[52] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[121] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.[122]

Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;

Mies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn.[124][125]

The

South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and the Northwest Indiana area are clustered.[127]

Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the

Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago.[129][130]

A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.[131]

Monuments and public art

Replica of Daniel Chester French's Statue of The Republic at the site of the World's Columbian Exposition

Chicago is famous for its outdoor

centennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: Plensa's Crown Fountain as well as Burnham and Bennett's Buckingham Fountain.[133][134]

Climate

January 2014 cold wave

The city lies within the typical hot-summer

winter 2011.[138] There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. A polar vortex in January 2019 nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.[139][140][141] Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.[142]

Spring and autumn are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. Dew point temperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.[143] They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within USDA plant hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.[144]

According to the

severe thunderstorms during the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.[147]

Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an urban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.[148] Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.[149]

Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1928–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19)
75
(24)
86
(30)
92
(33)
102
(39)
107
(42)
109
(43)
104
(40)
102
(39)
94
(34)
81
(27)
72
(22)
109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 53.4
(11.9)
57.9
(14.4)
72.0
(22.2)
81.5
(27.5)
89.2
(31.8)
93.9
(34.4)
96.0
(35.6)
94.2
(34.6)
90.8
(32.7)
82.8
(28.2)
68.0
(20.0)
57.5
(14.2)
97.1
(36.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.8
(0.4)
36.8
(2.7)
47.9
(8.8)
60.0
(15.6)
71.5
(21.9)
81.2
(27.3)
85.2
(29.6)
83.1
(28.4)
76.5
(24.7)
63.7
(17.6)
49.6
(9.8)
37.7
(3.2)
60.5
(15.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 26.2
(−3.2)
29.9
(−1.2)
39.9
(4.4)
50.9
(10.5)
61.9
(16.6)
71.9
(22.2)
76.7
(24.8)
75.0
(23.9)
67.8
(19.9)
55.3
(12.9)
42.4
(5.8)
31.5
(−0.3)
52.4
(11.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.5
(−6.9)
22.9
(−5.1)
32.0
(0.0)
41.7
(5.4)
52.4
(11.3)
62.7
(17.1)
68.1
(20.1)
66.9
(19.4)
59.2
(15.1)
46.8
(8.2)
35.2
(1.8)
25.3
(−3.7)
44.4
(6.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −3
(−19)
3.4
(−15.9)
14.1
(−9.9)
28.2
(−2.1)
39.1
(3.9)
49.3
(9.6)
58.6
(14.8)
57.6
(14.2)
45.0
(7.2)
31.8
(−0.1)
19.7
(−6.8)
5.3
(−14.8)
−6.5
(−21.4)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32)
−20
(−29)
−7
(−22)
10
(−12)
28
(−2)
35
(2)
46
(8)
43
(6)
29
(−2)
20
(−7)
−3
(−19)
−20
(−29)
−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.30
(58)
2.12
(54)
2.66
(68)
4.15
(105)
4.75
(121)
4.53
(115)
4.02
(102)
4.10
(104)
3.33
(85)
3.86
(98)
2.73
(69)
2.33
(59)
40.88
(1,038)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.5
(32)
10.1
(26)
5.7
(14)
1.0
(2.5)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.25)
1.5
(3.8)
7.9
(20)
38.8
(99)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 7
(18)
7
(18)
4
(10)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(2.5)
4
(10)
7
(18)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.5 9.4 11.1 12.0 12.4 11.1 10.0 9.3 8.4 10.8 10.2 10.8 127.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.9 6.4 3.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 6.3 28.2
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA[150][143][146], WRCC[151]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[152]
Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1871–present[c]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19)
75
(24)
88
(31)
91
(33)
98
(37)
104
(40)
105
(41)
102
(39)
101
(38)
94
(34)
81
(27)
71
(22)
105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 52.3
(11.3)
56.8
(13.8)
71.0
(21.7)
80.9
(27.2)
88.0
(31.1)
93.1
(33.9)
94.9
(34.9)
93.2
(34.0)
89.7
(32.1)
81.7
(27.6)
67.0
(19.4)
56.4
(13.6)
96.0
(35.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 31.6
(−0.2)
35.7
(2.1)
47.0
(8.3)
59.0
(15.0)
70.5
(21.4)
80.4
(26.9)
84.5
(29.2)
82.5
(28.1)
75.5
(24.2)
62.7
(17.1)
48.4
(9.1)
36.6
(2.6)
59.5
(15.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.2
(−3.8)
28.8
(−1.8)
39.0
(3.9)
49.7
(9.8)
60.6
(15.9)
70.6
(21.4)
75.4
(24.1)
73.8
(23.2)
66.3
(19.1)
54.0
(12.2)
41.3
(5.2)
30.5
(−0.8)
51.3
(10.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.8
(−7.3)
21.8
(−5.7)
31.0
(−0.6)
40.3
(4.6)
50.6
(10.3)
60.8
(16.0)
66.4
(19.1)
65.1
(18.4)
57.1
(13.9)
45.4
(7.4)
34.1
(1.2)
24.4
(−4.2)
43.0
(6.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −4.5
(−20.3)
0.5
(−17.5)
11.8
(−11.2)
25.6
(−3.6)
36.7
(2.6)
46.0
(7.8)
54.5
(12.5)
54.3
(12.4)
41.8
(5.4)
29.7
(−1.3)
17.3
(−8.2)
3.2
(−16.0)
−8.5
(−22.5)
Record low °F (°C) −27
(−33)
−21
(−29)
−12
(−24)
7
(−14)
27
(−3)
35
(2)
45
(7)
42
(6)
29
(−2)
14
(−10)
−2
(−19)
−25
(−32)
−27
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.99
(51)
1.97
(50)
2.45
(62)
3.75
(95)
4.49
(114)
4.10
(104)
3.71
(94)
4.25
(108)
3.19
(81)
3.43
(87)
2.42
(61)
2.11
(54)
37.86
(962)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.3
(29)
10.7
(27)
5.5
(14)
1.3
(3.3)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.2
(0.51)
1.8
(4.6)
7.6
(19)
38.4
(98)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 6
(15)
6
(15)
4
(10)
1
(2.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(2.5)
3
(7.6)
6
(15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.0 9.4 10.8 12.3 12.5 11.1 9.7 9.4 8.5 10.5 10.0 10.6 125.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.5 6.4 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 6.1 27.8
Average
relative humidity
(%)
72.2 71.6 69.7 64.9 64.1 65.6 68.5 70.7 71.1 68.6 72.5 75.5 69.6
Average dew point °F (°C) 13.6
(−10.2)
17.6
(−8.0)
27.1
(−2.7)
35.8
(2.1)
45.7
(7.6)
55.8
(13.2)
61.7
(16.5)
61.0
(16.1)
53.8
(12.1)
41.7
(5.4)
31.6
(−0.2)
20.1
(−6.6)
38.8
(3.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 135.8 136.2 187.0 215.3 281.9 311.4 318.4 283.0 226.6 193.2 113.3 106.3 2,508.4
Percent possible sunshine 46 46 51 54 62 68 69 66 60 56 38 37 56
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[143][155][156]
Sunshine data for Chicago
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2
Source: Weather Atlas[157]

Time zone

As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of the Central Time Zone. The border with the Eastern Time Zone is located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan and certain parts of Indiana.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18404,470
185029,963570.3%
1860112,172274.4%
1870298,977166.5%
1880503,18568.3%
18901,099,850118.6%
19001,698,57554.4%
19102,185,28328.7%
19202,701,70523.6%
19303,376,43825.0%
19403,396,8080.6%
19503,620,9626.6%
19603,550,404−1.9%
19703,366,957−5.2%
19803,005,072−10.7%
19902,783,726−7.4%
20002,896,0164.0%
20102,695,598−6.9%
20202,746,3881.9%
2022 (est.)2,665,039−3.0%
United States Census Bureau[158]
2010–2020[8]

During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world,[159] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[160] and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.

From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including

African Americans from the American South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.[161] Chicago has a significant Bosnian population, many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.[163]

In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "

Black Belt" on the city's South Side.[161] A large number of blacks also settled on the West Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.[161] Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on the North Side is that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue in Uptown was the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.[164][165] Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem. In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.[161] Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.[166] The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.[167][168][169]

Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in Mexico, Poland and India.[170]

Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by Los Angeles as the United States' second largest city.[171]

The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.[172]

According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.[173][174][175][176]

Racial composition 2020[177] 2010[178] 1990[176] 1970[176] 1940[176]
White (non-Hispanic) 31.4% 31.7% 37.9% 59.0%[d] 91.2%
Hispanic or Latino 29.8% 28.9% 19.6% 7.4%[d] 0.5%
Black or African American
(non-Hispanic)
28.7% 32.3% 39.1% 32.7% 8.2%
Asian
(non-Hispanic)
6.9% 5.4% 3.7% 0.9% 0.1%
Two or more races
(non-Hispanic)
2.6% 1.3% n/a n/a n/a
Ethnic origins in Chicago
Map of racial distribution in Chicago, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people:  White  Black  Asian  Hispanic  Other
Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census[179][180]
Race or Ethnicity
Race Alone Total [e]
White
35.9% 35.9
 
45.6% 45.6
 
Black or African American 29.2% 29.2
 
30.8% 30.8
 
Hispanic or Latino[f] 29.8% 29.8
 
Asian 7.0% 7
 
8.0% 8
 
Native American 1.3% 1.3
 
2.6% 2.6
 
Mixed 10.8% 10.8
 
Other 15.8% 15.8
 

Chicago has the third-largest

Cook County, a majority of them in Chicago.[184][185]

Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[186]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008–2012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line.[187] In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.[188]

According to the 2008–2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:[189]

  • Ireland (137,799)
  • Poland (134,032)
  • Germany (120,328)
  • Italy (77,967)
  • China (66,978)
  • American (37,118)
  • UK (36,145)
  • recent African (32,727)
  • India (25,000)
  • Russia (19,771)
  • Arab (17,598)
  • European (15,753)
  • Sweden (15,151)
  • Japan (15,142)
  • Greece (15,129)
  • France (except Basque) (11,410)
  • Ukraine (11,104)
  • West Indian (except Hispanic groups) (10,349)

Persons identifying themselves in "Other groups" were classified at 1.72 million, and unclassified or not reported were approximately 153,000.[189]

Religion

Religion in Chicago (2014)[190][191]

  
No religion (22%)
  Judaism (3%)
  Islam (2%)
  Buddhism (1%)
(1%)

According to a 2014 study by the

Judaism (3%), Islam (2%), Buddhism (1%) and Hinduism (1%).[190]

Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. Judaism has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.[194][190] A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.[195]

The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.[196] Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama[197] and Pope John Paul II in 1979.[198]

Economy

Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
The Chicago Board of Trade Building

Chicago has the third-largest

John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald
, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.

Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following

Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.[203] Academically, Chicago has been influential through the Chicago school of economics, which fielded 12 Nobel Prize
winners.

The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.[204] Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago.[205] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims three Dow 30 companies: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001;[206] McDonald's; and Walgreens Boots Alliance.[207] For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.[208] However, three Fortune 500 companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.[209]

Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including

]

Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[210] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[211] Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.

Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.[212] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[213]

Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.[214][215]

Culture and contemporary life

The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown is one of several ethnic museums comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance.

The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from

Devon Avenue in West Ridge.[218]

Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the

]

Andy's Jazz Club in River North, a staple of the Chicago jazz scene since the 1950s

Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.[citation needed]

Boystown, the city's large LGBT nightlife and culture center. The Chicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.[219]
North Halsted Street is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.[220]

The South Side neighborhood of

automobile assembly plant on the South Side in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.[citation needed
]

The West Side holds the

Harpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.[citation needed
]

The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like

short 'a' sound as in "cat," which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.[222]

Entertainment and the arts

The Chicago Theatre
Royal Castle in Warsaw
.

Renowned Chicago theater companies include the

improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).[citation needed
]

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[223] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago.[224] The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[225] and presents operas in Lithuanian.

The

Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash.[citation needed
]

Jay Pritzker Pavilion at night

Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include

University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".[227]

Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Henry Darger is one of the most celebrated figures of outsider art.[228]

Tourism

Ferries offer sightseeing tours and water-taxi transportation along the Chicago River and Lake Michigan.

In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[229] These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.[229] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[230] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.[231]

Museums

Aerial view of Navy Pier at night

Among the city's museums are the

Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry.[citation needed
]

Cuisine

Chicago-style deep-dish pizza

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned

Lou Malnati's and Giordano's.[234]

The

dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a poppy seed bun.[235] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera.[236][237][238]

A Polish market in Chicago

A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the Italian beef sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The Maxwell Street Polish is a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[239]

hot links which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.[243] Annual festivals feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as Taste of Chicago and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.[244]

One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three Michelin stars, Alinea is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".[245]

Literature

Carl Sandburg's most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World / Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat / Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler, / Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."

Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[246] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[247] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[248] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.

At least three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American literature.[249] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.

What would become the influential

Objectivist poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.[251] In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the poetry slam.[252]

Sports

The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.[253]

The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[254] they have played in Chicago since 1871.[255] They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.

The

NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX
. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[256] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[257][258]

The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.[259]

Major league professional teams in Chicago (ranked by attendance)
Club League Sport Venue Attendance Founded Championships
Chicago Bears NFL Football Soldier Field 61,142 1919 9
Championships (1 Super Bowl
)
Chicago Cubs MLB Baseball Wrigley Field 41,649 1870 3 World Series
Chicago White Sox MLB Baseball Guaranteed Rate Field 40,615 1900 3 World Series
Chicago Blackhawks NHL Ice hockey United Center 21,653 1926 6 Stanley Cups
Chicago Bulls NBA Basketball 20,776 1966 6 NBA Championships
Chicago Fire MLS Soccer Soldier Field 17,383 1997 1
Supporters Shield
Chicago Sky WNBA Basketball Wintrust Arena 10,387 2006 1 WNBA Championships
Chicago Red Stars NWSL
Soccer
SeatGeek Stadium 5,863 2013 1
WPSL Elite
championship
Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drive on the South Side

U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field.[260]

The Chicago Red Stars are a team in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). They previously played in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at SeatGeek Stadium in Bridgeview, Illinois.

The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Wintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.[261]

The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.[262]

Five area colleges play in

Division I conferences: two from major conferences—the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference) and the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Atlantic 10 Conference); and the UIC Flames (Missouri Valley Conference).[263]

Chicago has also entered into

Chicago Huntsmen, a professional Call of Duty team that participates within the CDL.[citation needed
]

Parks and greenspace

Buckingham Fountain is located in Grant Park in the Loop
Lincoln Park, in the North Side, is the city's largest public park

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a

beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.[264] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C.[265]

There is a historic

Chicago neighborhoods emerged along these roadways in the 19th century.[267] The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six squares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.[269] The Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.[270][271]

With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[272] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.[citation needed]

The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the

Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.[274] Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.[275]

Law and government

Government

City Hall-County Building visible in background. At right, the Daley Center
contains the state law courts.

The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and

ward in the city.[276] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.[277]

The

attorney
.

Politics

Presidential election results in Chicago[278]
Year Democratic Republican Others
2020 82.5% 944,735 15.8% 181,234 1.6% 18,772
2016 82.9% 912,945 12.3% 135,320 4.8% 53,262

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing

labor organizations.[279] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.[citation needed
]

Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17

]

Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[280] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.[281]

The city is home of former United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.[282]

Crime

Chicago Police Department SUV, 2021

Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.

aggravated battery. Chicago has attracted attention for a high murder rate and perceived crime rate compared to other major cities like New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.[286][287]

Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.[288] The neighborhoods of Englewood on the South Side, and Austin on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.[289] Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.[290][291] According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"[292] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities.[293] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[292] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[294] the murder rate was 10.4 – while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[295]

Chicago has a long history of public

U.S. Attorney's office, as legal jurisdiction makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.[298]

Education

Schools and libraries

When it was opened in 1991, the central Harold Washington Library appeared in Guinness World Records as the largest municipal public library building in the world.

Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.[300]

Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[301] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.[302] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues.[303] According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[304]

Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools,[305] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preparatory schools and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.[306]

The Chicago Public Library system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighbourhood branches, including the central library.[307]

Colleges and universities

The University of Chicago campus as seen from the Midway Plaisance

Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by

Shimer College.[309]

]

Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the

]

Media

WGN began in the early days of radio and developed into a multi-platform broadcaster, including a cable television super-station.
Chicago was home of The Oprah Winfrey Show from 1986 until 2011 and other Harpo Production operations until 2015.

Television

The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.[311] Each of the big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM 2, WLS 7, WMAQ 5 and WFLD 32, respectively). Former CW affiliate WGN-TV 9, which was owned from its inception by Tribune Broadcasting (now owned by the Nexstar Media Group since 2019), is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. WGN America eventually became NewsNation in 2021.

Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including

Newsy began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.[citation needed
]

Television stations

Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are:

Newspapers

Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the

GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club.[315]

Movies and filming

Radio

Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the Audacy-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.[citation needed]

Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!.[citation needed
]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Aerial photo of the Jane Byrne Interchange (2022) after reconstruction, initially opened in the 1960s

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.[316]

The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[317]

Parking

Due to Chicago's

Wheel Tax,[318] residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.[319] In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.[320][321]

Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its

Chicago Parking Meters LLC. Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."[323]

The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for

Expressways

Seven mainline and four auxiliary

88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson
.

The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[325]

Transit systems

Chicago Union Station, opened in 1925, is the third-busiest passenger rail terminal in the United States.

The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.

  • The
    Yellow
    lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
  • South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend
    and Chicago.
  • Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[326]

Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the Chicago Bus Station, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).

Passenger rail

Amtrak train on the Empire Builder route departs Chicago from Union Station.

St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. Future services will terminate at Rockford and Moline. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad
. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.

Bicycle and scooter sharing systems

In July 2013, the bicycle-sharing system Divvy was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations[329] It is operated by Lyft for the Chicago Department of Transportation.[330] As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding Pullman, Rosedale, Beverly, Belmont Cragin and Edison Park.[331]

In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.

Bird, Jump, Lime and Lyft.[333] Each company was allowed to bring 250 electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.[334] The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.[335]

Freight rail

Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.

Class I railroads meet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[337] According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.[338] CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.[339]

Airports

O'Hare International Airport

Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,[340] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.[341] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[342] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline.

Port authority

The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[343]

Utilities

Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[344][345][346]

Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[347] Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[348]

Health systems

Prentice Women's Hospital on the Northwestern Memorial Hospital Downtown Campus

The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–16, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[349]

Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including

Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report;[351] the new Prentice Women's Hospital
; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The

In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.

The

Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association
are all based in Chicago.

Sister cities

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ /ʃɪˈkɑːɡ/ shih-KAH-goh, locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡ/ shih-KAW-goh;[7] Miami-Illinois: Shikaakwa; Ojibwe: Zhigaagong
  2. ^ a b Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to December 31, 1925, University of Chicago from January 1, 1926 to June 30, 1942, Midway Airport from July 1, 1942 to January 16, 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since January 17, 1980.[153][154]
  4. ^ a b From 15% sample
  5. ^ The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
  6. ^ Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b "City of Chicago". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  4. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  5. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  6. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
  7. ^ Carrico, Natalya (March 18, 2019). "'We're still here'". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  9. ^ Keating, Ann Durkin. "Metropolitan Growth". In Grossman, Keating & Reiff (2004).
  10. ^ a b "Demography: Chicago as a Modern World City". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  11. ^ Cohen, Jennie (October 7, 2011). "Urban Infernos Throughout History". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  12. ^ "Skyscrapers". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  13. ^ Glancey, Jonathan (October 5, 2015). "The city that changed architecture forever". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Economy". World Business Chicago. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  15. ^ "2017 Passenger Summary – Annual Traffic Data". ACI World. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  16. ^ Rodriguez, Alex (January 26, 2014). "Chicago takes on the world". Chicago Tribune. Sec. 1 p. 15.
  17. ^ "CAGDP2 Gross domestic product (GDP) by county and metropolitan area". Bureau of Economic Analysis. December 12, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  18. .
  19. .
  20. ^ .
  21. ^ Marcus, Sarah S. "Chicago's Twentieth-Century Cultural Exports". In Grossman, Keating & Reiff (2004).
  22. .
  23. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 10–11, 14–15.
  24. ^ Keating (2005), pp. 30–31, 221.
  25. ^ Swenson, John W (1999). "Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago". Early Chicago. Early Chicago, Inc. Archived from the original on January 16, 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  26. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 16–17.
  27. ^ Buisseret (1990), pp. 22–23, 68, 80–81.
  28. ^ Keating (2005), pp. 30–32.
  29. ^ a b "Timeline: Early Chicago History". Chicago: City of the Century. WGBH Educational Foundation And Window to the World Communications, Inc. 2003. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
  30. ^ "Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837". State of Illinois. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  31. ^ Walter Nugent. "Demography Archived October 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine" in Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
  32. ^ Keating (2005), p. 27.
  33. ^ Buisseret (1990), pp. 86–98.
  34. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 30–31.
  35. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 24–25.
  36. ^ Keating (2005), pp. 26–29, 35–39.
  37. ^ Conzen, Michael P. "Global Chicago". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  38. ^ "Timeline-of-achievements". CME Group. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  39. ^ "Stephen Douglas". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  40. ^ "Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14". nike-of-samothrace.net. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  41. ^ Addis, Cameron. "5 Bull Moose From a Bully Pulpit". Austin Community College. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  42. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 15–18, 243–245.
  43. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 27–29, 38–43.
  44. ^ Buisseret (1990), pp. 154–155, 172–173, 204–205.
  45. ^ Buisseret (1990), pp. 148–149.
  46. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 32–37.
  47. ^ Lowe (2000), pp. 87–97.
  48. ^ Lowe (2000), p. 99.
  49. ^ Bruegmann, Robert (2005). "Built Environment of the Chicago Region". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  50. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 9–11.
  51. ^ Allen, Frederick E. (February 2003). "Where They Went to See the Future". American Heritage. 54 (1). Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  52. ^ a b Lowe (2000), pp. 121, 129.
  53. ^ Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Annexations". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  54. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chicago" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–125, see page 124, first para. Population.—Of the total population in 1900 not less than 34.6% were foreign-born; the number of persons either born abroad, or born in the United States of foreign parentage (i.e. father or both parents foreign), was 77.4% of the population, and in the total number of males of voting age the foreign-born predominated (53.4%).
  55. ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
  56. ^ "Hull House Maps Its Neighborhood". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  57. ^ Johnson, Mary Ann. "Hull House". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  58. PMID 19562006
    .
  59. ^ Beatty, William K. (1991). "John H. Rauch – Public Health, Parks and Politics". Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago. 44: 97–118.
  60. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 43–49, 58, 318–319.
  61. OCLC 45908903
    .
  62. ^ United States. Office of the Commissioner of Railroads (1883). Report to the Secretary of the Interior. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 19. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  63. ^ "Chicago's Rich History". Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  64. ^ Lowe (2000), pp. 148–154, 158–169.
  65. ^ "Exhibits on the Midway Plaisance, 1893". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  66. ^ Harper, Douglas. "midway". Chicago Manual Style (CMS). Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  67. ^ Martin, Elizabeth Anne (1993). "Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929". Bentley Historical Library Bulletin. 40. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  68. ^ Darlene Clark Hine (2005). "Chicago Black Renaissance". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  69. ^ Essig, Steven (2005). "Race Riots". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  70. ^ "Gang (crime) – History". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2009. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  71. ^ O'Brien, John. "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  72. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.9343785. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
    )
  73. ^ "U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted: Some Landlords Admit "Error" in Income". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 24, 1921. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  74. ^ "Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate: One Measure Gives Tenants 60 Days In Which to Vacate Property". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Belleville Daily Advocate. March 30, 1921. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  75. ^ "Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Tribune. December 28, 1921. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  76. ^ "Fine Landlord $25 In Test Case on New Heat Law". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Tribune. December 7, 1922. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  77. ^ "Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - The RentConfident Blog - RentConfident, Chicago IL". web.archive.org. April 30, 2021. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  78. ^ "Timeline: Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement". PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  79. ^ a b "Great Depression". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  80. ^ "Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933–1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home". Collections.carli.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  81. ^ Robert W. Rydell. "Century of Progress Exposition". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  82. ^ "Chicago's Long and Extraordinary Labor History". ibew.org. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  83. ^ "World War II". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  84. ^ "CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)". Argonne National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  85. ^ Szymczak, Patricia (June 18, 1989). "O'Hare suburbs under fire". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  86. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  87. ^ Mehlhorn, Dmitri (December 1998). "A Requiem for Blockbusting: Law, Economics, and Race-Based Real Estate Speculation". Fordham Law Review. 67: 1145–1161.
  88. .
  89. ^ Mailer, Norman. "Brief History Of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention". Facts on File, CQ's Guide to U.S. Elections. CNN. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  90. ^ Cillizza, Chris (September 23, 2009). "The Fix – Hall of Fame – The Case for Richard J. Daley". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  91. ^ Dold, R. Bruce (February 27, 1979). "Jane Byrne elected mayor of Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  92. ^ Rivlin, Gary; Larry Bennett (November 25, 2012). "The legend of Harold Washington". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  93. ^ "Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty". Time. September 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  94. ^ "National Building Museum to honor Daley for greening of Chicago". Chicago Tribune. April 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  95. ^ a b "1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses". CBS2 Chicago. April 14, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
  96. ^ "News: Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral race". NBC News. February 23, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  97. ^ Tareen, Sophia; Burnett, Sarah (April 7, 2015). "Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel wins 2nd term in runoff victory". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  98. ^ Bosman, Julie; Smith, Mitch; Davey, Monica (April 2, 2019). "Lori Lightfoot Is Elected Chicago Mayor, Becoming First Black Woman to Lead City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  99. ^ Perez, Juan Jr. "With Mayor Lori Lightfoot's inauguration, 3 women of color now hold top citywide offices: 'Chicago was ready for this'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via MSN.
  100. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 5–6.
  101. ^ Genzen (2007), pp. 6–9.
  102. ^ Angel, Jim. "State Climatologist Office for Illinois". Illinois State Water Survey. Prairie Research Institute. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  103. ^ "Thompson's Plat of 1830". Chicago Historical Society. 2004. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  104. ^ "The Elevation of Chicago: A Statistical Mystery". Chicago Public Library. September 29, 2014. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  105. ^ "Chicago Facts" (PDF). Northeastern Illinois University. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  106. ^ Fulton, Jeff. "Public Beaches in Chicago". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  107. ^ "Chicago Tribune Classifieds map of Chicagoland". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  108. ^ "Chicagoland Region". EnjoyIllinois.com. Illinois Department of Tourism. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  109. ^ "Fast Facts About The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce". Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  110. ^ "South Side". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. August 1, 1971. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  111. ^ "Municipal Flag of Chicago". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  112. ^ "Lakeview (Chicago, Illinois)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  113. ^ "CPS Teacher Housing: Chicago Communities". Chicago Public Schools. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  114. ^ "List of Chicago Neighborhoods – Chicago". StreetAdvisor. Archived from the original on July 30, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  115. ^ "Chicago and its Neighborhoods". articlecell. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  116. ^ "Gulp! How Chicago Gobbled Its Neighbors". Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  117. ^ Condit (1973), pp. 31, 52–53.
  118. ^ "Chicago neighborhoods on Walk Score". walkscore.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
  119. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  120. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  121. ^ "The Home Insurance Building". Chicago Architecture Info. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  122. ^ World's Tallest Cities Archived March 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. UltrapolisProject.com.
  123. ^ "U.S.A.'s tallest buildings – Top 20". Emporis. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  124. ^ Bach (1980), p. 9.
  125. ^ Lowe (2000), pp. 118–127.
  126. .
  127. ^ Bach (1980), pp. 70, 99–100, 146–147.
  128. .
  129. .
  130. ^ "Frederick C. Robie House". Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  131. ^ "Chicago Architecture Foundation River Cruise Aboard Chicago's First Lady Cruises". Chicago Architecture Foundation – CAF. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  132. ^ "The Public Art Scene You're Missing in Chicago". Conde Nast Traveler. October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  133. ^ "Crown Fountain in Millennium Park". www.chicago.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  134. ^ "Clarence F. Buckingham Memorial Fountain | Chicago Park District". www.chicagoparkdistrict.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  135. ^ "Climate of Chicago – Illinois State Climatologist". Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  136. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  137. ^ "Chicago, Illinois Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  138. ^ Photos: The blizzard of 2011 Archived April 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune
  139. ^ Extreme cold in Midwest will finally begin to ease grasp Archived January 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine CNN, Holly Yan and Madeline Holcombe, January 31, 2019
  140. ^ At 23 below, Wednesday marked Chicago's 4th coldest temperature recorded Archived April 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune, Jonathon Berlin and Kori Rumore, January 31, 2019
  141. ^ University of Iowa student dies during polar vortex; 7 other deaths linked to wintry blast Archived January 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Fox News, Stephen Sorace, January 31, 2019
  142. ^ Weather History: When Does Chicago Typically See Its Final Snow of the Season? Archived March 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine NBC, April 11, 2022
  143. ^ a b c d "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". NWS Romeoville, IL. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  144. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". USDA/Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  145. ^ Chicago's Official Records Archived October 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. National Weather Service. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  146. ^ a b c "Top 20 Weather Events of the Century for Chicago and Northeast Illinois 1900–1999". NWS Romeoville, IL. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  147. NOAA. Archived
    from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  148. ^ "Heat Island Effect" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  149. ^ "Ask Tom: Does Chicago Get Lake-Effect Snow?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  150. ^ "Station: Chicago Midway AP 3SW, IL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  151. ^ "Chicago Midway AP 3 SW, Illinois". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  152. ^ "Chicago, IL - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  153. ^ "History of the Chicago and Rockford Weather Observation Sites". weather.gov. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  154. ^ ThreadEx
  155. ^ "Station: Chicago Ohare Intl AP, IL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  156. ^ "Chicago/O'Hare, IL Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  157. ^ "Chicago, Illinois, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  158. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived
    from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  159. ^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900". Geography.about.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2005. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  160. ^ "Chicago Growth 1850–1990: Maps by Dennis McClendon". University Illinois Chicago. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  161. ^ a b c d e Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990; pp. 33–34.
  162. ^ "Russians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  163. ^ "Bosnians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  164. .
  165. ^ Reddy, Gayatri (November 2, 2021). "Winthrop Family and Black Resilience on the North Side of Chicago". The Chicago Reporter. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  166. ^ "Fact Sheet: Black Population Loss in Chicago" (PDF). Great Cities Institute University of Illinois at Chicago. July 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  167. ^ Loury, Alden (June 13, 2023). "Chicago areas with steep Black population decline see more violence and job loss". WBEZ Chicago.
  168. ^ "As the Black population continues to drop in Chicago and Illinois, few regret their move: 'I have peace'". Chicago Tribune. November 22, 2021.
  169. ^ Schamisso, Ben (February 7, 2022). "Chicago is Seeing an Exodus of Black Americans". Scripps News. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  170. ^ "Chicago's Immigrants Break Old Patterns". September 2003.
  171. ^ Marshall Ingwerson (April 13, 1984). "It's official: Los Angeles ousts Chicago as No. 2 city". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  172. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
  173. ^ "Comparative Demographic Estimates – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Chicago". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  174. ^ Armentrout, Mitchell (September 14, 2017). "Census: Hispanics surpass blacks as Chicago's 2nd-largest racial group". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017.
  175. ^ Ross, Jeremy (September 15, 2017). "Hispanic Population Surges In Chicago, New Census Data Shows". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
  176. ^ a b c d "Illinois – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  177. ^ "2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  178. ^ "Chicago (city), Illinois". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014.
  179. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  180. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  181. ^ "Healthy Chicago databook: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Health" (PDF). Chicago Department of Public Health. March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  182. ^ "San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage". gallup.com. March 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  183. ^ "The Metro Areas With the Largest, and Smallest, Gay Populations". The New York Times. March 21, 2015. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.
  184. ^ Leonor Vivanco (April 18, 2016). "Same-sex marriage licenses could hit 10,000 in Cook County this summer". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  185. ^ Shields, Nick (August 31, 2016). "10,000th same-sex couple issued marriage license in Cook County". Cook County Clerk. Archived from the original (Press release) on December 13, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  186. ^ "Chapter 2–173 Welcoming City Ordinance" (PDF). Municipal Code of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  187. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates: Chicago city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  188. ^ "These are the cities with the most ultra-rich people". Crain's Chicago Business. September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  189. ^ a b "Community Facts: First Ancestry Reported, Chicago city, Illinois". 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  190. ^ a b c d e "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  191. ^ a b c Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles Archived June 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center
  192. ^ "Table 6 Fifteen Largest PC(USA) Congregations Based on Membership Size, 2014" (PDF). Research Services, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  193. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  194. ^ "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2005. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  195. ^ "Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Population Study (MCJPS) Interactive Mapping Tool". 2020populationstudy.juf.org. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  196. ^ Avant, Gerry (September 11, 1993). "Parliament of World's Religions". Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  197. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  198. ^ Davis, Robert (October 5, 1979). "Pope John Paul II in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  199. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2016". bea.gov. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  200. ^ "Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (January 23, 2003)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2003.. Accessed from World Business Chicago.
  201. ^ "Washington area richest, most educated in US: report". The Washington Post. June 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  202. ^ "The ten largest US central business districts | Modern Cities". www.moderncities.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  203. ^ "JPMorgan History | The History of Our Firm". Jpmorganchase.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  204. ^ "Chicago Area Employment — February 2018". www.bls.gov/regions/midwest. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  205. ^ "FORTUNE 500 2007: States – Illinois". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  206. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. GaWC Loughborough University. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
  207. ^ "Dow 30 Companies". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  208. ^ "Chicago Named Nation's Top Metro Area for Corporate Relocation For the Sixth Straight Year". World Business Chicago. March 25, 2019. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  209. ^ Dylan Sharkey (October 17, 2022). "Chicago's Fortune 500 headquarters are shrinking". Illinois Policy. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. Chicago has lost three Fortune 500 headquarters in 2022.
  210. ^ Norcliffe 2001, p. 107
  211. ^ Clymer 1950, p. 178
  212. ^ "Retrieved January 26, 2010". Exhibitorhost.com. September 26, 1987. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  213. ^ Carpenter, Dave (April 26, 2006). "Las Vegas rules convention world". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  214. ^ "Minimum Wage". www.chicago.gov. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  215. ^ Elejalde-Ruiz, Alexia. "Chicago City Council raises minimum wage to $15 by 2021, but restaurant servers still will get lower tipped wage". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  216. ^ "Chicago Demographics" (PDF). City of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  217. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (August 27, 2009). "Opaa! Chicago Taste of Greece flies this weekend". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  218. Frommers. Archived
    from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  219. ^ "How Chicago's Pride Parade Grew from a Small March to a Big Event". WTTW Chicago. June 28, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  220. ^ Peregrin, Tony (April 25, 2012). "Instagreeter Program Launches in Boystown". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  221. ^ "The World University Rankings". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  222. ^ Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology". Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). A Handbook of Varieties of English Archived July 9, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 297.
  223. ^ Huizenga, Tom (November 21, 2008). "Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. Orchestras". NPR. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  224. ^ "Lyric Opera House history". www.lyricopera.org. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  225. ^ "About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago". Lithuanian Opera Co. Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2006.
  226. ^ "Lollapalooza | History & Facts". Britannica. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  227. ^ Lawrence Rothfield; Don Coursey; Sarah Lee; Daniel Silver; Wendy Norri (November 21, 2007). "Chicago Music City: A Summary Report on the Music Industry in Chicago" (PDF). The Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  228. .
  229. ^ a b "2014 Chicago Tourism Profile" (PDF). Choose Chicago. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  230. ^ "2017 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2017. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  231. ^ "Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower". Skydeck Chicago. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  232. ^ Bendersky, Ari (May 8, 2012). "Chicago's Deep Dish History: It All Started With Uno's". Eater.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  233. ^ Fischer, MD, Stuart J. "Chicago: Landmarks, Pizza, Politics, and Jazz". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  234. OCLC 879642419
    .
  235. ^ "Classic Chicago Hot Dog". Emril Lagasse. 1999. Archived from the original on April 15, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  236. ^ "Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog". Archived from the original on August 15, 2008.
  237. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2010. no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment ...
  238. . Retrieved February 18, 2010. Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados.
  239. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (January 22, 2010). "City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  240. ^ Sula, Mike (December 26, 1996). "Omnivorous: On the Trail of the Delta Tamale". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
  241. ^ "History". The Parthenon. Archived from the original on June 8, 2002. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  242. ^ Zeldes, Leah A (September 30, 2002). "How to Eat Like a Chicagoan". Chicago's Restaurant Guide. Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved September 30, 2002.
  243. ^ "Don't forget South Side barbecue in Chicago as Texas-style ascends". Chicago Tribune. September 26, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  244. ^ Raymond, Marcella (June 22, 2019). "Weekend festival celebrates food trucks in Chicago". Chicago's Very Own WGN 9. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  245. ^ "Robb Report Editors Name Chicago As Country's Finest Dining Destination". Robb Report. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014.
  246. ^ "Fiction". chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  247. ^ "Literary Cultures". chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  248. ^ "Literary Images of Chicago". chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  249. ^ "Chicago Literary Renaissance". chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  250. ^ Goodyear, Dana, "The Moneyed Muse: What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry?" Archived June 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, article, The New Yorker, February 19 and 26 double issue, 2007
  251. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  252. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  253. ^ "When will the White Sox and Cubs meet in the World Series? Sooner than you think". ESPN.com. July 26, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  254. .
  255. ^ "MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  256. ^ Cahill, Dan (December 22, 2015). "Bulls are second-most popular U.S. team on Facebook". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  257. NBA. Archived from the original
    on December 9, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  258. from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  259. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | United Center". www.unitedcenter.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  260. ^ "World Cup 2014 countdown: Diana Ross and the opening ceremony of USA". The Independent. March 4, 2014.
  261. ^ "Chicago Tribune 07 Oct 2005, page Page 4-12". Newspapers.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  262. ^ "World Marathon Majors" (PDF). The LaSalle Bank Marathon. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  263. NCAA. Archived from the original
    on April 15, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  264. ^ "History". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  265. The Trust for Public Land. February 2014. p. 30. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  266. ^ "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" map Archived September 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, City of Chicago. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  267. ^ a b "Biking the Boulevards with Geoffrey Baer". WTTW. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  268. ^ Bledstein, Burton J. "Chicago's Park & Boulevard System" (PDF). University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  269. ^ "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" Archived March 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  270. ^ "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 02/01/2019 Through 2/7/2019". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  271. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" (PDF). gis.hpa.state.il.us. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  272. ^ "Harbors". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  273. ^ "Forest Preserve District of Cook County". University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  274. ^ "Affiliates". Forest Preserve District of Cook County. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  275. ^ National Park Service (2004). "National Register of Historic Places". Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  276. ^ "City Council, Your Ward & Alderperson". www.chicago.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  277. ^ "Chicago Government". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  278. ^ "Dave's Redistricting". Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  279. ^ Schneirov (1998), pp. 173–174.
  280. ^ Montejano (1999), pp. 33–34.
  281. ^ "7 big ideas for making Illinois more (small-d) democratic – CHANGE Illinois". March 28, 2022. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  282. ^ Blakley, Derrick (July 27, 2016). "With Michelle Obama In Town, Speculation About Future For Their Home". cbslocal.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  283. ^ "2021 Year End Summary Crime Statistics". Chicago Police Department. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  284. ^ "Chicago Police Annual Report 1967" (PDF). Chicago Police Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  285. ^ "Chicago Police Annual Report 2017" (PDF). chicagopolice.org. Chicago Police Department. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  286. from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  287. ^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (February 23, 2022). "Highest murder rates in the U.S. - The most deadly cities". CBS News. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  288. ^ Moser, Whet (August 14, 2012). "Gawker Glosses Chicago's Murder Problem". Chicago (August 2012). Chicago Tribune Media Group. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  289. ^ Christensen, Jen (March 14, 2014). "Tackling Chicago's 'crime gap'". CNN. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  290. ^ "Chicago Gang Violence: By The Numbers". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  291. ^ "Chicago Most Gang-Infested City in U.S., Officials Say". NBC Chicago. January 26, 2012. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  292. ^ a b Lippert, John (September 17, 2013). "Heroin Pushed on Chicago by Cartel Fueling Gang Murders". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  293. ^ Morning Edition (September 17, 2013). "Probing Ties Between Mexican Cartel And Chicago's Violence". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  294. ^ "Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  295. ^ "Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  296. ^ "Chicago's 'hall of shame'". Chicago Tribune. February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  297. ^ Austin Berg (November 16, 2015). "More than half of Chicago aldermen took illegal campaign cash in 2013 | City Limits". Chicagonow.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  298. ^ "Northern District of Illinois – Department of Justice". November 13, 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  299. ^ "Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment". Chicago Public Schools. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
  300. ^ "These Are the Best High Schools in Illinois". usnews.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018.
  301. ^ "Top 100 Chicago-area high schools". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  302. ^ "At-a-glance: Stats and Facts". Chicago Public Schools. September 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  303. ^ "Chicago teachers on strike". Time Out Chicago Kids. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  304. ^ Lutton, Linda; Metzger, Brendan (July 16, 2014). "The Big Sort". WBEZ. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  305. ^ Pogorzelski & Maloof 2008, p. 58
  306. ^ "Chicago High School for the Arts". www.chiarts.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  307. ^ "Chicago Public Library". www.chicago.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  308. ^ "2024 Best Colleges in Illinois". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  309. ^ "Chicago, Illinois Colleges and Universities". Free-4u.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  310. ^ "History". Joliet Junior College. 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
  311. ^ "Nielsen Media 2009–2010 Local Market Estimates". Nielsen Media Research. Broadcast Employment Services. September 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
  312. ^ "Window to The World Communications presents WYCC MHz Worldview beginning April 23, 2018 | WTTW Chicago". Window To The World Communications. WTTW. April 23, 2018. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  313. ^ Hollingsworth, Chauncey (May 10, 1995). "Shakey Ground: Arts Magazines Find Chicago's Landscape Still Hostile To New Ventures". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010. A vast expanse of the local cultural landscape lay unexplored between the realm of free arts weeklies like NewCity and the Reader and commercial ventures like Chicago magazine ... NewCity wasn't quite as sophisticated two years ago as it is now.
  314. ^ "Chicago Daily News II: This Time It's Digital". Chicago Tribune. December 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010. The competition ... Newcity are in the digital space, ...
  315. ^ "The Onion celebrates controversial Chicago move with banjo playing, steak tartare". Crain's Chicago Business. August 2012. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  316. ^ Madigan (2004), p. 52.
  317. ^ "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  318. ^ "Chicago Wheel Tax Administrative Rules" (PDF). City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  319. ^ "Vehicle Stickers". City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  320. ^ "Residential Zone Parking". City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. December 12, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  321. ^ "Chicago Residential Parking Zones". jkalov.carto.com. 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  322. ^ "Paying for Parking: It's Snow Joke". NBC 5 Chicago. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  323. ^ "FAIL: The Reader's Parking Meter Investigation; Ben Joravsky and Mick Dumke's report on the privatization of Chicago's parking meters, how the deal went down, and its fallout". Chicago Reader. December 10, 2009. Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (April 9, 2009). "FAIL, Part One: Chicago's Parking Meter Lease Deal; How Daley and his crew hid their process from the public, ignored their own rules, railroaded the City Council, and screwed the taxpayers on the parking meter lease deal". Chicago Reader. Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (May 21, 2009). "FAIL, Part Two: One BILLION Dollars! New evidence suggests Chicago leased out its parking meters for a fraction of what they're worth". Chicago Reader. Joravsky, Ben; Dumke, Mick (June 18, 2009). "FAIL, Part Three: The Insiders; Who benefited from the parking meter fiasco". Chicago Reader.
  324. ^ "Parking meter deal gets even worse for Chicago taxpayers, annual audit shows". Chicago Sun TImes. May 26, 2022. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  325. ^ "Illinois Department of Transportation". Dot.il.gov. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  326. ^ "New Yorkers are top transit users" Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by Les Christie,CNNmoney.com, June 29, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  327. ^ "Amtrak". Chicago Union Station. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  328. ^ Garcia, Evan (February 23, 2017). "Chicago Highlighted as the US Railroad Capital by Trains Magazine". WTTW News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  329. ^ "Chicago Welcomes Divvy Bike Sharing System" (Press release). Mayor of Chicago. July 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  330. ^ Buckley, Madeline (March 12, 2019). "Divvy to get $50 million upgrade from Lyft investment in exchange for ride revenue under contract proposal". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  331. ^ Wisniwski, Mary (June 8, 2019). "City gets ready to spread Divvy bikes to Far South Side". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  332. ^ "City Of Chicago Announces E-Scooter Pilot Program And Call For Vendors". CBS 2. May 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  333. ^ Wiesniewski, Mary (June 17, 2019). "Electric shared scooters have arrived in Chicago: Here's what you need to know". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  334. ^ Freund, Sara (August 16, 2019). "Just like Lime, Bird says biggest rider complaint is not enough scooters". Curbed Chicago. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  335. ^ Hofmann, Eva (December 1, 2019). "Should Chicago keep e-scooter program going?". The Gazette. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  336. ^ "About". March 19, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  337. ^ Winsor, Jeromie (July 14, 2003). "Metropolitan Planning Council". Metroplanning.org. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  338. ^ "CREATE Program Benefits Fact Sheets". CREATE. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  339. ^ "CREATE projects". CREATE. CREATE.org. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  340. ^ "Annual Traffic Data – 2015 Preliminary". Airports Council International. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  341. ^ "Preliminary Traffic Results for 2005 Show Firm Rebound (March 14, 2006)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2006. (520 KB). Airports Council International.
  342. ^ Metsch, Steve. "Top IDOT official says third airport will be built". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  343. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived
    from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  344. ^ "IIT.edu". IIT.edu. June 20, 2003. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  345. ^ "KentLaw.edu". KentLaw.edu. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  346. ^ Martin LaMonica Staff Writer; CNET News. "'Micro' wind turbines are coming to town | CNET News.com". news.cnet.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  347. ^ "Waste Disposal". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  348. ^ Bentley, Chris (July 1, 2015). "What really happens to Chicago's blue cart recycling?". WBEZ91.5 Chicago Public Media. Chicago Public Media. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  349. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Archived
    from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  350. ^ "Rankings". health.usnews.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  351. ^ "Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  352. ^ "Fact sheet" (PDF). aamc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.

Cited references

Further reading

External links