Children's song

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A children's song may be a nursery rhyme set to music, a song that children invent and share among themselves or a modern creation intended for entertainment, use in the home or education. Although children's songs have been recorded and studied in some cultures more than others, they appear to be universal in human society.[1]

Categories

Iona and Peter Opie, pioneers of the academic study of children's culture, divided children's songs into two classes: those taught to children by adults, which when part of a traditional culture they saw as nursery rhymes, and those that children taught to each other, which formed part of the independent culture of childhood.[2] A further use of the term children's song is for songs written for the entertainment or education of children, usually in the modern era. In practice none of these categories is entirely discrete, since, for example, children often reuse and adapt nursery rhymes, and many songs now considered as traditional were deliberately written by adults for commercial ends.

The Opies further divided nursery rhymes into a number of groups, including[3]

Playground or children's street rhymes they sub-divided into two major groups: those associated with games and those that were entertainments, with the second category including[4]

In addition, since the advent of popular music publication in the nineteenth century, a large number of songs have been produced for and often adopted by children. Many of these imitate the form of nursery rhymes, and a number have come to be accepted as such. They can be seen to have arisen from a number of sources, including:

Nursery or Mother Goose rhymes

The term nursery rhyme is used for "traditional" songs for young children in Britain and many

English speaking countries; but this usage dates only from the nineteenth century, and in North America the older Mother Goose rhyme is still often used.[5] The oldest children's songs of which we have records are lullabies, which can be found in every human culture.[6] The Roman nurses' lullaby, "Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacte", may be the oldest to survive.[6] Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus (including "Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting") take the form of a lullabies and may be adaptations of contemporary lullabies.[7]

However, most of those used today date from the seventeenth century onwards.

mummers' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals.[5] Roughly half of the current body of recognised "traditional" English rhymes were known by the mid-eighteenth century.[11]

In the early nineteenth century, printed collections of rhymes began to spread to other countries, including

James Orchard Halliwell's The Nursery Rhymes of England (1842) and Popular Rhymes and Tales (1849).[13] By the time of Sabine Baring-Gould's A Book of Nursery Songs (1895), child folklore had become an academic study, full of comments and footnotes. The early years of the twentieth century are notable for the addition of sophisticated illustrations to books of children's songs, including Caldecott's Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book (1909) and Arthur Rackham's Mother Goose (1913). The definitive study of English rhymes remains the work of Iona and Peter Opie.[11]

Children's playground and street songs

In contrast to nursery rhymes, which are learned in childhood and passed from adults to children only after a gap of 20 to 40 years, children's playground and street songs, like much children's lore, are learned and passed on almost immediately.[14] The Opies noted that this had two important effects: the rapid transmission of new and adjusted versions of songs, which could cover a country like Great Britain in perhaps a month by exclusively oral transmission, and the process of "wear and repair", in which songs were changed, modified and fixed as words and phrases were forgotten, misunderstood or updated.[15]

Origins of songs

Some rhymes collected in the mid-twentieth century can be seen to have origins as early in the eighteenth century. Where sources could be identified, they could often be traced to popular adult songs, including

Teddy Boy.[18]

Action songs

Some of the most popular playground songs include actions to be done with the words. Among the most famous of these is "I'm a Little Teapot". A term from the song is now commonly used in

bowler's stance when a catch has been dropped. A 'teapot' involves standing with one hand on your hip in disappointment, a 'double teapot' [19] involves both hands on hips and a disapproving glare.[20]

Game songs

Many children's playground and street songs are connected to particular games. These include

rap music.[24]

If a playground song does have a character, it is usually a child present at the time of the song's performance or the child singing the song. Awkward relations between young boys and girls is a common

motif, as in the American playground song, jump-rope rhyme,[25] or taunt "K-I-S-S-I-N-G", spelt aloud. The song is learned by oral tradition
:

[Name] and [Name] sitting in a tree,
K-I-S-S-I-N-G.
First comes love, then comes marriage,
then comes the baby in a baby carriage!
[26]

Pastime songs

Other songs have a variety of patterns and contexts. Many of the verses used by children have an element of

While shepherds watched their flocks by night" to "While shepherds washed their socks at night" and numerous other versions, was a prominent activity in the British playgrounds investigated by the Opies in the twentieth century.[27] With the growth of media and advertising in some countries, advertising jingles and parodies of those jingles have become a regular feature of children's songs, including the "McDonald's song" in the United States, which played against adult desire for ordered and healthy eating.[28] Humour is a major factor in children's songs. (The nature of the English language, with its many double meanings for words, may mean that it possesses more punning songs than other cultures, although they are found in other cultures—for example, China).[29] Nonsense verses and songs, like those of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll, have been a major feature of publications for children, and some of these have been absorbed by children, although many such verses seem to have been invented by children themselves.[30]

Parodies and satire

Playground songs can be parodies of popular songs such as "

Zero-tolerance rules in some schools now prevent this, although they are sometimes ignored by teachers who view the songs as harmless and clever.[31]

Playground songs may also feature contemporary children's characters or child actors such as Popeye, Shirley Temple, Batman or Barney the Dinosaur.[32] Such songs are usually set to common melodies (a popular Batman-themed song uses much of the chorus of "Jingle Bells") and often include subversive and crude humor; in Barney's case, schoolyard parodies of his theme song were a driving force behind a massive backlash against Barney in the 1990s.[33]

Influence

Occasionally the songs are used as a base for modern pop songs, "

rap
song.

Commercial children's music

An ancient Order of Froth Blowers handkerchief, a humorous British charitable organisation, with the lyrics "The More We Are Together", a popular British children's song from the 1920s

Commercial children's music grew out of the popular music-publishing industry associated with New York's

Disney in children's cinema from the 1930s meant that it gained a unique place in the production of children's music, beginning with "Minnies Yoo Hoo" (1930).[36] After the production of its first feature-length animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937), with its highly successful score by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey, the mould was set for a combination of animation, fairy tale and distinctive songs that would carry through to the 1970s with songs from films such as Pinocchio (1940) and Song of the South (1946).[37]

The mid-twentieth century

Oscar–winning Disney songs.[39]

The twenty-first century has seen an increase in the number of independent children's music artists, with acts like

Trout Fishing in America has achieved great acclaim by continuing the tradition of merging sophisticated folk music with family-friendly lyrics,[citation needed], and rock-oriented acts like They Might Be Giants have released albums marketed directly to children, such as No!, Here Come the ABCs, Here Come the 123s and Here Comes Science.[40]

Selected discography

  • Simon Mayor and Hilary James, Lullabies with Mandolins (2004)[41] and Children's Favourites from Acoustics (2005)[42]
  • Mike and Peggy Seeger, American Folk Songs for Children (1955)
  • Isla St Clair, My Generation (2003)
  • Broadside Band, Old English Nursery Rhymes
  • Tim Hart and Friends, My Very Favourite Nursery Rhyme Record (1981)
  • Bobby Susser, Wiggle Wiggle and Other Exercises (1996)
  • Various artists, Hello Children Everywhere, Vols. 1–4 (EMI Records, 1988–1991)[43]

See also

  • List of children's songs

Notes

  1. S2CID 143319785
    .
  2. ^ Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1977). The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Granada. p. 21.
  3. ^ Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 12–19.
  4. ^ Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1977). The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Granada. p. 37.
  5. ^ a b c d H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 383.
  6. ^ a b I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), p. 6.
  7. ^ a b H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 326.
  8. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 30–31, 47–48, 128–29, 299.
  9. ^ H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 382–83.
  10. ^ H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 363–64.
  11. ^ a b I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997).
  12. ^ H. Carpenter and M. Prichard, The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 384.
  13. ^ R. M. Dorson, The British Folklorists: a History (Taylor & Francis, 1999), p. 67.
  14. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), p. 27.
  15. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), p. 26.
  16. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), p. 33.
  17. ^ Bolton, Henry Carrington (1888). The counting-out rhymes of children: their antiquity, origin, and wide distribution : a study in folk-lore. London: E. Stock. p. 121.
  18. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), pp. 138–40.
  19. ^ "No wickets, didn't score a run but it was vintage McGrath | the Australian". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  20. ^ "Loss to England really hurt: McGrath – News – Ashes Tour 06–07". www.theage.com.au. 10 February 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  21. ^ S. E. D. Wilkins, Sports and games of medieval cultures (Greenwood, 2002), p. 32.
  22. ^ M. McLean, Maori Music (Auckland University Press, 1996), pp. 147–64.
  23. ^ T. Mukenge, Culture and customs of the Congo (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), p. 56.
  24. ^ K. D. Gaunt, The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from Double-Dutch to Hip-hop (New York University Press, 2006), pp. 158–80.
  25. .
  26. ^ A variant can be found in Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia Of The Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel. p. 263.
  27. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), pp. 107–17.
  28. ^ Simon J. Bronner, American children's folklore (August House, 1988), p. 96.
  29. ^ Roger T. Ames, Sin-wai Chan, Mau-sang Ng, Dim Cheuk Lau, Interpreting culture through translation: a festschrift for D.C. Lau (Chinese University Press, 1991), pp. 38–39.
  30. ^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Granada, 1977), pp. 37–44.
  31. ^ . 28 August 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20060828020726/http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/playfolklore/pdf/playfolklore_issue44_2.pdf. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  32. from the original on 2015-09-05.
  33. on March 12, 2001. Retrieved September 2, 2016.)
  34. ^ E. C. Axford, Song Sheets to Software: A Guide to Print Music, Software, and Web Sites for Musicians (Scarecrow Press, 2004), p. 18.
  35. ^ van der Merwe, Peter, Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 436.
  36. ^ D. A. Jasen, Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song (Taylor & Francis, 2003), p. 111.
  37. ^ D. A. Jasen, Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song (Taylor & Francis, 2003), pp. 111–12.
  38. ^ Educational Dealer, August, 1997
  39. ^ D. A. Jasen, Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song (Taylor & Francis, 2003), p. 113.
  40. ^ Thill, Scott. "They Might Be Giants Keeps Pop Kid-Friendly With Smart Science". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  41. ^ Childrensmusic.co.uk Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Mayor, Simon. "Acoustics Records". Acoustics Records. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11.
  43. ^ "Hello Children Everywhere". www.sterlingtimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-12-21. Retrieved 2013-01-14.

Further reading

  • Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959)
  • Bronner, Simon J. American Children's Folklore (August House, 1988)
  • Brian Sutton-Smith, Jay Mechling, Thomas W. Johnson, Felicia McMahon (ed.) Children's Folklore: A SourceBook (Routledge, 2012)

External links